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. 2017 Nov 20;7:15865. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-16129-3

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Flexible wireless optoelectronic device designed for optogenetic modulation of bladder afferent neurons. (A) Schematic illustration of the layered conformation of optoelectronic device. (B) Image of a micro-fabricated device adjacent to a 200 g capsules for the size comparison. (C) Demonstration of the flexibility of a functioning device with a forceps. (D) Image of wireless operation of optoelectronic devices in the V-maze with the double loop antennas. (E) Measurement of the normalized output power distribution of nine devices at heights of 2.5, 5, and 7.5 cm from the bottom of the cage demonstrating uniform power distribution of across the cage. (F) Thermal modeling and management of a μ-ILED device versus time at different peak output powers (20, 50, and 100 mW/mm²) demonstrating a maximum of 1 degree change at maximum light output of 100 mw/mm². (G) Mice with wireless optoelectronic devices implanted over the bladder. (H) Implantation of the bladder optoelectronic device did not effect on motor behavior vs. sham animals in the rotarod test (P = 0.12, F_4,4 = 1.118, t_1,8 = 1.407 n = 8 sham, n = 8 device). (I) Mice with bladder implants did not exhibit significant difference in total distance travelled in open field test compared to sham mice (P = 0.16, two-tailed, n = 8 sham, n = 8 device). (K) There is no difference in distance traveled between an NFC-On and NFC-Off chamber in wild type mice. (P = 0.8556, two-tailed, n = 12 wild type,).