Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the 461,213 participants according to the presence of gallstone disease.
| Baseline characteristics | Men | Women | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| With GSD | Without GSD | P Value | With GSD | Without GSD | P Value | |
| No. of participants | 6,854 | 182,300 | — | 19,353 | 252,706 | — |
| Age (year) | 53.5 | 51.5 | <0.001 | 52.9 | 49.9 | <0.001 |
| Urban area (%) | 54.5 | 41.0 | <0.001 | 44.8 | 42.6 | <0.001 |
| Currently married (%) | 94.5 | 92.9 | <0.001 | 90.2 | 89.7 | 0.033 |
| Middle school and above (%) | 62.2 | 57.4 | <0.001 | 47.0 | 43.5 | <0.001 |
| Current daily smoker (%) | 65.5 | 68.2 | <0.001 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 0.210 |
| Current daily drinker (%) | 15.7 | 21.3 | <0.001 | 0.7 | 1.0 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity (MET-hour/day) | 21.4 | 23.0 | <0.001 | 20.2 | 21.2 | <0.001 |
| Average weekly consumptiona | ||||||
| Red meat (day) | 4.0 | 4.0 | 0.228 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 0.056 |
| Fresh vegetables (day) | 6.9 | 6.8 | 0.105 | 6.84 | 6.83 | 0.032 |
| Fresh fruits (day) | 2.5 | 2.2 | <0.001 | 3.0 | 2.8 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.8 | 23.3 | <0.001 | 24.1 | 23.6 | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 83.2 | 81.5 | <0.001 | 79.7 | 78.4 | <0.001 |
| Prevalence of | ||||||
| Hypertension (%) | 33.0 | 34.9 | <0.001 | 29.5 | 30.7 | <0.001 |
| Chronic hepatitis/cirrhosis (%) | 4.3 | 1.6 | <0.001 | 1.4 | 0.8 | <0.001 |
| Peptic ulcer (%) | 8.6 | 5.2 | <0.001 | 5.4 | 2.7 | <0.001 |
| Weight change since 25 years (kg)b | 5.7 | 4.5 | <0.001 | 5.7 | 4.7 | <0.001 |
| Weight change during the past 12 months (%)c | ||||||
| Same as before | 76.5 | 79.7 | — | 73.8 | 77.8 | — |
| Gain of ≥2.5 kg | 10.2 | 10.2 | 0.342 | 13.8 | 12.3 | <0.001 |
| Loss of ≥2.5 kg | 13.3 | 10.1 | <0.001 | 12.4 | 9.9 | <0.001 |
| Postmenopausal (%) | — | — | — | 50.1 | 49.1 | <0.001 |
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 7.9 | 5.8 | <0.001 | 8.0 | 6.4 | <0.001 |
| Characteristics of GSDd | ||||||
| Age at the first diagnosis (year) | 44.9 | — | — | 43.9 | — | <0.001e |
| Duration since the first diagnosis (year) | 8.1 | — | — | 9.2 | — | <0.001e |
| Still on treatment at baseline | 13.0 | — | — | 14.6 | — | 0.001e |
GSD indicates gallstone disease; MET, metabolic equivalent task; BMI, body mass index; and WC, waist circumference.
The results are presented as adjusted means or percentages. All variables are adjusted for age and survey sites, as appropriate.
aThe average weekly consumptions of red meat, fresh vegetables, and fruits were calculated by assigning participants the midpoint of their consumption category.
b74,458 participants with a missing value for self-reported weight at 25 years of age were excluded from this analysis.
cMultinomial logistic regression was used for testing, and the “same as before” was used as the reference category.
dThere were statistically significant differences in all three characteristics (P ≤ 0.001) between men and women.
eP value for comparison between men and women.