Table 2.

HRs (95% CIs) for the association between gallstone disease and incident type 2 diabetes.

	Person-years	Cases	Age- and sex-adjusted (model 1)	Multivariable-adjusteda (model 2)	Further adjustment for BMI and WC (model 3)
Total
Without GSD	3,905,602	11,352	1.00	1.00	1.00
With GSD	233,084	1,130	1.33 (1.25−1.42)	1.32 (1.24−1.40)	1.17 (1.10−1.25)
Men
Without GSD	1,615,585	4,484	1.00	1.00	1.00
With GSD	59,953	251	1.29 (1.13−1.46)	1.22 (1.08−1.39)	1.09 (0.96−1.24)
Women
Without GSD	2,290,017	6,868	1.00	1.00	1.00
With GSD	173,131	879	1.33 (1.24−1.43)	1.33 (1.24−1.43)	1.21 (1.13−1.30)

HR indicates hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; GSD, gallstone disease; BMI, body mass index, and WC, waist circumference.

^aAdjusted for age (years), sex (for the whole cohort), level of education (no formal school, primary school, middle school, high school, college, or university or above), marital status (married, widowed, divorced/separated, or never married), alcohol consumption (never, former, current weekly, current daily <15, 15–29, 30–59, or ≥60 g per day), smoking status (never, former, current daily <15, 15–24, or ≥25 cigarettes or equivalents per day; former smokers who stopped smoking for illness were included in the current smoker category to avoid misleadingly elevated risk), level of physical activity (MET-hours/day), intake frequencies of red meat, fresh fruits, and vegetables (daily, 4–6 days/week, 1–3 days/week, monthly, or rarely or never), prevalent hypertension (yes or no), family history of diabetes (yes or no), and menopausal status (premenopausal, perimenopausal, or postmenopausal; for women only).