Table 3.

HRs (95% CIs) for the association between gallstone disease and incident type 2 diabetes according to the combined categories of duration since the first diagnosis and treatment status at baseline.

	Person-years	Cases	HRs (95% CIs)
Total
≤5 years, no treatment	95,516	504	1.25 (1.14−1.37)
≤5 years, still on treatment	20,326	82	1.21 (0.97−1.51)
>5 years, no treatment	103,934	475	1.06 (0.96−1.16)
>5 years, still on treatment	13,057	68	1.48 (1.16−1.88)
Men
≤5 years, no treatment	27,077	121	1.13 (0.94−1.35)
≤5 years, still on treatment	4,966	19	1.13 (0.72−1.78)
>5 years, no treatment	25,307	98	0.99 (0.81−1.21)
>5 years, still on treatment	2,584	13	1.40 (0.81−2.42)
Women
≤5 years, no treatment	68,439	383	1.31 (1.18−1.45)
≤5 years, still on treatment	15,360	63	1.25 (0.97−1.60)
>5 years, no treatment	78,627	377	1.08 (0.97−1.20)
>5 years, still on treatment	10,473	55	1.50 (1.15−1.96)

HR indicates hazard ratio; and CI, confidence interval.

The reference group was participants without GSD at baseline. Multivariable model was adjusted for age (years), sex (for the whole cohort), level of education (no formal school, primary school, middle school, high school, college, or university or above), marital status (married, widowed, divorced/separated, or never married), alcohol consumption (never, former, current weekly, current daily <15, 15–29, 30–59, or ≥60 g per day), smoking status (never, former, current daily <15, 15–24, or ≥25 cigarettes or equivalents per day; former smokers who stopped smoking for illness were included in the current smoker category to avoid misleadingly elevated risk), level of physical activity (MET-hours/day), intake frequencies of red meat, fresh fruits, and vegetables (daily, 4–6 days/week, 1–3 days/week, monthly, or rarely or never), prevalent hypertension (yes or no), family history of diabetes (yes or no), menopausal status (premenopausal, perimenopausal, or postmenopausal; for women only), body-mass index (kg/m²), and waist circumference (cm).