Figure 3.

Use-dependent L-type or N/P/Q-type VGCC agonists restore spontaneous synaptic activity to neuronal cultures fully intoxicated by BoNT/A in physiological Ca²⁺. (A) Representative whole-cell recordings and mean mEPSC frequencies in non-intoxicated cultures treated with vehicle, FPL 64176 (10 µM) or GV-58 (50 µM). (B) Representative whole-cell recordings and mean mEPSC frequencies in BoNT/A-intoxicated cultures treated with vehicle, FPL 64176 (10 µM) or GV-58 (50 µM). mEPSC frequencies are normalized to recordings from age-matched, non-intoxicated control cultures. Scale bars represent 5 s (x-axis) and 40 pA (y-axis). All data presented as mean ± SEM and n ≥ 12 neurons for all conditions. *Indicates p < 0.05, ***Indicates p < 0.001.