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. 2017 Nov 20;7:15862. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-16064-3

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Enhanced presynaptic Ca²⁺ influx rescues evoked release in BoNT/A-intoxicated cultures. (A) Representative whole-cell recordings of evoked neurotransmission in non-intoxicated cultures treated with vehicle, 16 mM Ca²⁺, FPL 64176 (10 µM), or GV-58 (50 µM). (B) Mean EPSC amplitudes from non-intoxicated cultures. (B) Representative whole-cell recordings of evoked neurotransmission in BoNT/A-intoxicated neurons treated with vehicle, 16 mM Ca²⁺, FPL 64176 (10 µM), or GV-58 (50 µM). (D) Mean EPSC amplitudes for BoNT/A-intoxicated cultures. EPSC amplitudes are presented as mean ± SEM and n ≥ 12 recordings for all conditions. Scale bars represent 400 ms (x-axis) and 100 pA (y-axis). Arrows represent stimulation times. *Indicated p < 0.05, **Indicates p < 0.01, ***Indicates p < 0.001, ns = not significant.