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. 2017 Nov 20;7:15842. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-15879-4

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Alizarin red staining and its quantitative measurement further support that the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs is enhanced by PA treatment. (A) The Alizarin red staining show calcium deposition in each experimental group (Control, GO, OS, GO + OS, Light, PA). (B) The mineralization of BMSCs were quantified by measuring the absorbance at 590 nm wavelength at 3, 9 and 15 days. All quantitative data were presented as mean ± SD, n = 4; *represents statistical difference as compared with Control group; ^#represents statistical difference as compared with PA group at 15 days. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001; ^## P < 0.01 from One-way ANOVA with Student–Newman-Keuls post hoc test.