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. 2017 Nov 20;7:15842. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-15879-4

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Histological and immunohistochemical results indicate best outcome in animals implanting with PA-pretreated PLGA-GO combined with BMSCs. H.E staining (A) and immunohistochemical staining of type I collagen (C) and OPN (E) for analyzing the new bone formation within the sites of bone defects. The red dashed line marked the edge of the bone defect while the red arrows pointed to the GO oxide particles. Panels B, D, F are quantitative data from panels A, C, E, respectively. All quantitative data were presented as mean ± S.D, n = 5; *represents statistical difference as compared with Control group at the same time point; ^#represents statistical difference as compared with PA group at the same time point. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001; ^# P < 0.05, ^## P < 0.01 from One-way ANOVA with Student–Newman-Keuls post hoc test.