Table 2.
Access to health care services and human immunodeficiency virus testing among participants by gender (men separated by self-reported sexual orientation).
| Services and testing variables | Women n (%) |
Heterosexual men n (%) |
Gay or bisexual men n (%) |
|
| Living with 1 or more chronic illnesses, not HIVa (n=1628) | 183 (32.7) | 126 (31.8) | 243 (36.1) | |
| Has access to primary care physician (n=1599) | 399 (73.3) | 236 (60.8) | 484 (72.6) | |
| Visited COBb for health care in the last 12 months (n=1628) | 76 (13.6) | 35 (8.8) | 131 (19.5.) | |
| Doctor or nurse visited in CCORc in the last 12 months (n=1625) | 484 (86.6) | 311 (78.9) | 539 (80.2) | |
| Health care service attended in CCOR ever (n=1628) | ||||
| Any health service | 519 (92.8) | 361 (91.2) | 587 (87.2) | |
| GPd or family doctor | 374 (66.9) | 197 (49.7) | 433 (64.3) | |
| STIe clinic | 75 (13.4) | 48 (12.1) | 346 (51.4) | |
| Emergency | 251 (44.9) | 149 (37.6) | 261 (38.8) | |
| Outpatient | 187 (33.5) | 103 (26.0) | 193 (28.7) | |
| Inpatient | 148 (26.5) | 99 (25.0) | 153 (22.7) | |
| Outreach | 24 (4.3) | 41 (10.4) | 9 (1.3) | |
| Antenatal | 138 (24.7) | 4 (1.0) | — | |
| HIV testing mentioned during attendance (n=1467) | ||||
| Any health service | 196 (37.8) | 129 (35.7) | 374 (63.7) | |
| Inpatient (n=400) | 31 (20.9) | 26 (26.3) | 28 (18.3) | |
| Emergency (n=661) | 9 (3.6) | 11 (7.4) | 23 (8.8) | |
| Antenatal (n=142) | 67 (48.6) | 0 (0) | — | |
| STI clinic (n=469) | 40 (53.3) | 25 (52.1) | 274 (79.2) | |
| Outpatient (n=483) | 13 (7.0) | 15 (14.6) | 30 (15.5) | |
| Outreach (n=74) | 21 (87.5) | 32 (78.0) | 7 (77.8) | |
| GP or family doctor (n=1004) | 53 (14.2) | 36 (18.3) | 159 (36.7) | |
| Previously tested for HIV (n=1562) | 359 (68.1) | 220 (59.6) | 596 (89.6) | |
| Place diagnosed or of last test (n=1086) | ||||
| Antenatal service | 51 (14.7) | 2 (0.9) | 1 (0.2) | |
| Hospital service (emergency, inpatient, or outpatient) | 68 (19.6) | 57 (26.4) | 56 (10.7) | |
| GP or family doctor | 46 (13.3) | 21 (9.7) | 108 (20.7) | |
| Sexual health clinic or HIV testing clinic | 58 (16.7) | 36 (16.7) | 250 (47.8) | |
| Community or outreach setting | 41 (11.8) | 50 (23.1) | 43 (8.2) | |
| Private clinic | 36 (10.4) | 11 (5.1) | 42 (8.0) | |
| Other | 47 (13.5) | 39 (18.1) | 23 (4.4) | |
| Reasons for never testing (n=387) | ||||
| Perceived low risk | 140 (83.3) | 125 (83.3) | 43 (62.3) | |
| Fear of positive result and consequences | 8 (4.8) | 10 (6.7) | 17 (24.6) | |
| Structural barriers to accessing health care | 15 (8.9) | 11 (7.3) | 17 (24.6) | |
| Fear of test procedure | 3 (1.8) | 6 (4.0) | 3 (4.3) | |
| Other | 20 (11.9) | 10 (6.7) | 6 (8.7) | |
| Reasons for last test (n=1175) | ||||
| Perceived risk | 57 (15.9) | 46 (20.8) | 227 (38.2) | |
| Feeling unwell or health problems | 38 (10.6) | 30 (13.6) | 58 (9.7) | |
| Routine health checkup | 148 (41.2) | 96 (43.4) | 337 (56.6) | |
| Pregnancy, blood donation, or other hospital appointment | 80 (22.3) | 10 (4.5) | 8 (1.3) | |
| Job application, visa, or insurance | 23 (6.4) | 20 (9.0) | 17 (2.9) | |
| Other | 47 (13.1) | 44 (19.9) | 36 (6.1) | |
| People living with HIV only (n=223) | ||||
| Previous negative HIV test (n=208) | 20 (45.5) | 8 (38.1) | 111 (77.6) | |
| Visited an HIV doctor in the past 12 months (n=221) | 48 (98.0) | 25 (100) | 143 (97.3) | |
| Missed appointments because of travel costs (n=216) | 12 (25.0) | 9 (36.0) | 7 (4.9) | |
| Delayed or forwent medication because of prescription costs (n=159) | 15 (40.5) | 9 (52.9) | 20 (19.1) | |
aHIV: human immunodeficiency virus.
bCOB: country of birth.
cCCOR: current country of residence.
dGP: general practitioner.
eSTI: sexually transmitted infection.