Table 5.
Factors associated with ever having human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) tested among participants not living with diagnosed HIV, by gender (men separated by self-reported sexual orientation).
| Factorsa |
n (%) |
ORb | aORc |
95% CI |
P value |
||
| Women (n=426) | |||||||
| Current region of residence | .13 | ||||||
| Northern Europe | 53 (55.2) | 0.62 | 0.51 | 0.26-0.99 | |||
| Southern Europe | 147 (66.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | — | |||
| Western and rest of Europe | 76 (69.7) | 1.17 | 0.85 | 0.45-1.60 | |||
| Age, years | .37 | ||||||
| 18-24 | 22 (57.9) | 0.61 | 0.55 | 0.23-1.30 | |||
| 25-34 | 119 (65.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | — | |||
| 35-44 | 81 (70.4) | 1.25 | 1.23 | 0.66-2.31 | |||
| 45-54 | 34 (55.7) | 0.62 | 0.74 | 0.32-1.67 | |||
| 55+ | 20 (66.7) | 1.18 | 1.32 | 0.46-3.85 | |||
| Region of birth | <.001 | ||||||
| Africa | 75 (84.3) | 4.00 | 5.42 | 2.48-11.83 | |||
| Latin America and the Caribbean | 66 (68.8) | 1.79 | 2.46 | 1.22-4.95 | |||
| Rest of the world | 29 (55.8) | 0.86 | 0.97 | 0.46-2.05 | |||
| Europe | 106 (56.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | — | |||
| Years resident in the country | .06 | ||||||
| 1 or less | 34 (77.3) | 1.31 | 3.09 | 1.13-8.44 | |||
| 2-5 | 60 (55.6) | 0.61 | 0.85 | 0.43-1.68 | |||
| 6-9 | 64 (64.6) | 0.86 | 1.01 | 0.52-1.95 | |||
| 10 or more | 118 (67.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | — | |||
| Immigration status | .13 | ||||||
| Permanent residency | 187 (66.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | — | |||
| Temporary residency | 41 (68.3) | 0.96 | 0.59 | 0.26-1.33 | |||
| Refugee status, unknown, or undocumented | 48 (55.8) | 0.71 | 0.44 | 0.20-0.95 | |||
| Total number of lifetime sexual partners | <.001 | ||||||
| 0-1 | 37 (47.4) | 0.52 | 0.53 | 0.28-1.01 | |||
| 2-5 | 103 (59.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | — | |||
| 6-10 | 42 (66.7) | 1.28 | 1.54 | 0.76-3.11 | |||
| More than 10 | 94 (83.9) | 3.43 | 4.25 | 2.16-8.36 | |||
| Experience of forced sex | .008 | ||||||
| No | 235 (62.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | — | |||
| Yes | 41 (85.4) | 3.79 | 3.55 | 1.40-9.01 | |||
| Children or antenatal care in CCORd | .001 | ||||||
| No children | 127 (61.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | — | |||
| Has children, no antenatal care in CCOR | 69 (58.0) | 0.82 | 0.77 | 0.41-1.41 | |||
| Has children, antenatal care in CCOR | 80 (79.2) | 2.36 | 3.09 | 1.56-6.13 | |||
| Self-reported health status | .07 | ||||||
| Very good | 86 (78.2) | 2.31 | 2.08 | 1.12-3.88 | |||
| Good | 100 (57.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | — | |||
| Other response | 90 (63.8) | 1.30 | 1.39 | 0.78-2.46 | |||
| Heterosexual men (n=301) | |||||||
| Current region of residence | .08 | ||||||
| Northern Europe | 20 (52.6) | 1.06 | 0.93 | 0.38-2.26 | |||
| Southern Europe | 102 (51.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | — | |||
| Western and rest of Europe | 46 (69.7) | 2.13 | 2.13 | 1.04-4.35 | |||
| Age, years | .14 | ||||||
| 18-24 | 22 (61.1) | 1.46 | 1.79 | 0.74-4.36 | |||
| 25-34 | 53 (51.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | — | |||
| 35-44 | 52 (66.7) | 1.65 | 1.86 | 0.90-3.81 | |||
| 45-54 | 26 (50.0) | 0.78 | 0.93 | 0.40-2.18 | |||
| 55+ | 15 (46.9) | 0.71 | 0.57 | 0.20-1.65 | |||
| Region of birth | .01 | ||||||
| Africa | 79 (66.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | — | |||
| Latin and the Caribbean | 22 (59.5) | 0.54 | 0.38 | 0.16-0.93 | |||
| Rest of the world | 29 (47.5) | 0.36 | 0.57 | 0.27-1.18 | |||
| Europe | 38 (45.2) | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.16-0.67 | |||
| Years resident in the country | .71 | ||||||
| 1 or less | 20 (55.6) | 0.85 | 1.45 | 0.54-3.95 | |||
| 2-5 | 51 (55.4) | 1.02 | 1.19 | 0.57-2.47 | |||
| 6-9 | 26 (55.3) | 1.08 | 0.80 | 0.35-1.85 | |||
| 10 or more | 71 (56.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | — | |||
| Immigration status | .57 | ||||||
| Permanent residency | 81 (55.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | — | |||
| Temporary residency | 42 (64.6) | 1.40 | 1.46 | 0.65-3.27 | |||
| Refugee status, unknown, or undocumented | 45 (49.5) | 0.77 | 1.03 | 0.45-2.35 | |||
| Total number of lifetime sexual partners | <.001 | ||||||
| 0-1 | 23 (35.9) | 0.29 | 0.20 | 0.09-0.44 | |||
| 2-5 | 29 (47.5) | 0.47 | 0.39 | 0.19-0.80 | |||
| 6-10 | 35 (64.8) | 0.93 | 1.00 | 0.46-2.15 | |||
| More than 10 | 81 (66.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | — | |||
| Access to primary care | <.001 | ||||||
| No | 61 (47.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.20-0.70 | |||
| Yes | 107 (62.2) | 1.82 | 2.67 | 1.43-4.97 | |||
| Self-reported health status | .04 | ||||||
| Very good | 49 (55.1) | 0.65 | 0.68 | 0.36-1.30 | |||
| Good | 81 (65.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | — | |||
| Other response | 38 (43.2) | 0.40 | 0.43 | 0.22-0.84 | |||
| Gay or bisexual men (n=492) | |||||||
| Current region of residence | .64 | ||||||
| Northern Europe | 76 (87.4) | 0.97 | 1.18 | 0.53-2.61 | |||
| Southern Europe | 69 (83.1) | 0.70 | 0.72 | 0.32-1.66 | |||
| Western and rest of Europe | 282 (87.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | — | |||
| Age, years | .35 | ||||||
| 18-24 | 61 (72.6) | 0.34 | 0.53 | 0.26-1.09 | |||
| 25-34 | 188 (89.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | — | |||
| 35-44 | 115 (89.1) | 1.10 | 0.75 | 0.32-1.73 | |||
| 45-54 | 48 (96.0) | 3.27 | 1.86 | 0.36-9.62 | |||
| 55+ | 15 (83.3) | 0.54 | 0.56 | 0.11-2.82 | |||
| Region of birth | .87 | ||||||
| Africa | 22 (81.5) | 0.71 | 1.18 | 0.31-4.48 | |||
| Latin America and the Caribbean | 119 (88.1) | 1.21 | 1.34 | 0.62-2.87 | |||
| Rest of the world | 69 (87.3) | 1.11 | 1.37 | 0.53-3.52 | |||
| Europe | 217 (86.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | — | |||
| Years resident in the country | .46 | ||||||
| 1 or less | 70 (76.9) | 0.50 | 0.57 | 0.27-1.23 | |||
| 2-5 | 153 (87.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | — | |||
| 6-9 | 77 (90.6) | 1.41 | 1.10 | 0.41-2.93 | |||
| 10 or more | 127 (89.4) | 1.17 | 0.81 | 0.34-1.94 | |||
| Immigration status | .86 | ||||||
| Permanent residency | 321 (87.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | — | |||
| Temporary residency | 89 (87.3) | 0.94 | 0.99 | 0.44-2.21 | |||
| Refugee status, unknown, or undocumented | 17 (73.9) | 0.43 | 0.71 | 0.20-2.54 | |||
| Total number of lifetime sexual partners | <.001 | ||||||
| 0-10 | 56 (62.9) | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.02-0.23 | |||
| 11-20 | 36 (78.3) | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.04-0.54 | |||
| 21-50 | 79 (92.9) | 0.47 | 0.53 | 0.14-2.01 | |||
| 51-100 | 73 (91.3) | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.10-1.33 | |||
| 101-500 | 112 (96.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | — | |||
| 501 or more | 71 (93.4) | 0.51 | 0.49 | 0.12-1.93 | |||
aAfter model selection, each gender-related group adjusted for the factors listed under the corresponding heading in the table.
bOR: odds ratio.
caOR: adjusted odds ratio.
dCCOR: current country of residence.