Table 1.
Production titers of certain polyphenols through metabolic engineering in micro-organisms.
| Micro-organism | Biosynthetic components | End-product | Titer | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae | PAL (Rhodosporidium toruloides), 4CL (Arabidopsis thaliana), CHS (Hypericum androsaemum) | Naringenin | 7 mg/L | Jiang et al., 2005 |
| Escherichia coli | PAL (Rhodotorula rubra), 4CL (Streptomyces coelicolor), CHS (Glycyrrhiza echinata), CHI (Pureria lobata), ACC (Cornybacterium glutamicum) | Naringenin | 57 mg/L | Miyahisa et al., 2005 |
| Escherichia coli | F3H (Malus domestica), ANS (Malus domestica), DFR (Anthurium andraeanum), F3GT (Petunia hybrida) | Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside | 6 μg/ L | Yan et al., 2005 |
| Escherichia coli | F3H (Malus domestica), ANS (Malus domestica), DFR (Anthurium andraeanum), F3GT (Petunia hybrida) | Pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside | 5.6 μg/L | Yan et al., 2005 |
| Saccharomyces cerevisae | C4H (Arabidopsis thaliana), 4CL (Petroselinum. crismum), CHS, CHI (Petunia x hybrida) | Naringenin | 28.3 mg/L | Yan et al., 2005 |
| Escherichia coli | 4CL (Lithospermum erythrorhizon), CHS, CHI (Glyccyrrhiza echinata), STS (Arachis hypogaea), FNS (Petroselinum crismum), F3H, FLS (Citrus), ACC (Cornybacterium glutamicum). | Flavonols | 33 mg/L | Katsuyama et al., 2007 |
| Escherichia coli | 4CL (Lithospermum erythrorhizon), CHS, CHI (Glycyrrhiza echinata), STS (Arachis hypogaea), FNS (Petroselinum crismum), F3H, FLS (Citrus), ACC (Cornybacterium glutamicum). | Flavanones | 102 mg/L | Katsuyama et al., 2007 |
| Escherichia coli | PAL (Rhodotorula rubra), 4CL (L. ithospermum erythrorhizon), CUS (Oryza sativa). | Bisdemethoxy curcumin | 53.4 mg/L | Katsuyama et al., 2008 |
| Escherichia coli | PAL (R. rubra), 4CL (L. ithospermum erythrorhizon), CUS (Oryza sativa). | Curcumin | 113 mg/L | Katsuyama et al., 2008 |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae | PAL (Populus trichocarpa), C4H (Glycine max), 4CL(Glycine max), IFS, CHS, CHI ((Glycine max) | Genistein | 7.7 mg/L | Trantas et al., 2009 |
| Escherichia coli | 4CL (Petroselinum crismum), CHS (Petunia x hybrida), CHI (Medicago sativa), ACC (Photorhabdus luminescens), PGK, PDH (Escherichia coli) | Naringenin | 474 mg/L | Xu et al., 2011 |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae | PAL, C4H, CPR, 4CL, CHS, CHI (Arabidopsis thaliana), TAL (Rhodobacter capsulatus), ARO4G2265 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) | Naringenin | 109 mg/L | Koopman et al., 2012 |
| Escherichia coli | 4CL (P. crispum), CHS (P. hybrid), CHI (M. sativa) | 7-O-methyl aromadendrin | 30 mg/L | Malla et al., 2012 |
| Escherichia coli | PAL (Rhodotorula glutinis), 4CL (Petroselinum crispum), CHS (Petunia hybrid), CHI (Medicago sativa) | Pinocembrin | 40 mg/L | Wu et al., 2013a |
| Escherichia coli | PAL (Rhodotorula glutinis), 4CL (Petroselinum crispum), CHS (Petunia hybrid), CHI (Medicago sativa), F3’H (Gerbera hybrida), CPR (Catharanthus roseus) | Eriodictyol | 107 mg/L | Zhu et al., 2014 |
| Escherichia coli | DCS (Curcuma longa), CURS1 (Curcuma longa), 4CL1 (Arabidopsis thaliana) | Curcumin | 70 mg/ml | Rodrigues et al., 2015 |
| Escherichia coli | ANS (Malus domestica), F3GT (Petunia hybrida) | Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside | 350 mg/L | Lim et al., 2015 |
| Escherichia coli | PAL (Rhodotorula glutinis), 4CL (Petroselinum crispum), CHS (Petunia hybrid), CHI (Medicago sativa) | Pinocembrin | 525.8 mg/L | Wu et al., 2016 |
| Escherichia coli | DCS, CURS1 (Curcuma longa), 4CL1 (Arabidopsis thaliana) | Curcumin | 17 μM | Joana et al., 2017 |
| Escherichia coli | PAL (A. thaliana), TAL (Saccharothrix espanaensis), 4CL (Oryza sativa), CUS (O. sativa) | Curcuminoids | 6.95 mg/L | Kim et al., 2017 |