Table 1.

Summary of methodological overview (study aim, design, and sample size) of 26 studies showing that zooprophylaxis either has a positive, negative, or no effect in malaria control

Reference	Location	Study aim	Study design	Sample size
Lyimo et al., [58]	Kilombero, Tanzania	Evaluating the effectiveness of fungus bioinsecticide zooprophylaxis	Semi-field and small-scale field experimental study	1690 and 547 An. arabiensis from the semi-field and field, respectively, were assessed for the development of fungal infection.
Kaburi et al., [53]	Kenya	Establishing effects of zooprophylaxis and LLINs	Cross-sectional survey	80 households were surveyed; 4148 and 2615 vector mosquitoes were collected before and after the intervention, respectively, and blood sources were detected.
Bulterys et al., [49]	Zambia	Association between malaria infection and risk factors	Case-control study	34 households with malaria history in the previous two years and 37 households without malaria history in the same time period were assessed for risk factors.
Fritz et al., [59]	Kenya	Effects of ivermectin and moxidectin on malaria vectors	Laboratory-based and field-based bioassays	Exact sample size not mentioned.
Muriu et al., [54]	Kenya	To determine the blood feeding pattern of Anopheles mosquitoes	Longitudinal study (mosquito collection and laboratory processing)	3333 blood-fed Anopheles mosquitoes were collected from eight villages and blood sources were detected.
Mahande et al., [55]	Tanzania	Evaluation of feeding preference behavior	Field experimental study (mosquito collection and laboratory processing)	3902 Anopheles mosquitoes were collected from the field and blood sources were detected; 506 Anopheles were trapped using odor based entry trap (OBET) and preference was detected.
Mahande et al., [83]	Tanzania	Assessing the effect of deltamethrin-treated cattle on An. arabiensis	Contact bioassay and experimental hut trials	948 female An. arabiensis mosquitoes were used for contact bioassay.
Iwashita et al., [50]	Kenya	Assessing the added value of zooprophylaxis in the presence of ITNs	Cross-sectional survey (mosquito collection and laboratory processing, livestock survey, LLINs coverage and larval breeding habitat survey)	1664 Anopheles mosquitoes were examined for blood meal source and vector infection rate.
Seyoum et al., [71]	Ethiopia	To assess the impact of livestock on the HBR and malaria transmission	Longitudinal study (mosquito collection and laboratory processing, parasitological and clinical survey, field experimental tukuls trial)	Mosquitoes were collected using HLC for 12 months (once/month/3 huts) and 1180 blood samples were collected from children under 10 years of age.
Habtewold et al., [52]	Ethiopia	A blood meal analysis to determine the host preference	Cross-sectional study (mosquito collection and laboratory processing)	278 mosquitoes were tested for blood meal source and parasite positivity.
Rowland et al., [60]	Pakistan	The role of insecticide-treated livestock (dipping method) in the control of malaria	Field experimental study (Randomized controlled trial)	842 Anopheles mosquitoes were monitored; an average 4112 blood samples were collected and tested for parasite detection over a three-year period.
Foley et al., [61]	Indonesia	The effect of ivermectin-treated animals and humans on An. farauti mortality	Experimental study and modeling	Exact sample size not reported.
Hewitt and Rowland, [62]	Pakistan	The treatment of cattle with pyrethroids to control zoophilic mosquitoes	Field experimental study	38,815 anopheline mosquitoes were collected over a two-year period.
Temu et al., [64]	Mozambique	Identifying risk factors for malaria infection	Cross-sectional survey	8338 children under 15 years of age were screened for malaria detection.
Tirados et al., [70]	Ethiopia	Attraction of mosquitoes to humans in the absence and presence of cattle ring; mosquito host preference using animal and human baited traps	Field experimental study	Exact sample size not mentioned.
Yamamoto et al., [51]	Burkina Faso	The use and effects of different mosquito control measures	Case-control study	117 cases and 221 control study subjects were screened for parasites.
Githinji et al., [67]	Kenya	Interactions between humans and their micro-ecological environment	Case-control study	342 case and 328 control individuals were assessed for risk factors associated with malaria.
Deressa et al., [68]	Ethiopia	Household and socioeconomic factors associated with childhood febrile illness	Cross-sectional survey	2372 households were investigated for risk factors associated with malaria.
Tirados et al., [30]	Ethiopia	Feeding and resting preference to evaluate the protective value of cattle against An. arabiensis	Laboratory-based (ELISA) and Field experimental study, Longitudinal study (mosquito collection)	45,527 An. arabiensis, 4218 An. pharoensis, and 13,241 An. funestus group were collected
Palsson et al., [65]	Guinea Bissau	Environmental risk factors associated with increased malaria risk and vector abundance	Longitudinal study (mosquito collection)	9873 Anopheles mosquitoes were collected over a three-year period.
Habtewold et al., [63]	Ethiopia	Deltamethrin-treated zebu and possible behavioral avoidance of An. arabiensis	Contact bioassay and Field experimental study	1102 Anopheles mosquitoes were monitored for feeding success; 366 Anopheles mosquitoes were tested for blood meal source.
Bøgh et al., [57]	The Gambia	Effect of passive zooprophylaxis on malaria transmission	Paired cohort study of 102 children under age 7	A total of 204 children were monitored for malaria in the presence and absence of cattle.
Idrees and Jan, [81]	Pakistan	To determine the role of cattle ownership on the prevalence of malaria	cross-sectional survey	1873 blood samples were collected and tested for malaria.
Ghebreyesus et al., [69]	Ethiopia	Household risk factors associated with malaria incidence	Cross-sectional survey	2114 children under 10 were screened for malaria and associated risk factors.
Bouma and Rowland, [66]	Pakistan	Parasite prevalence in children housing with or without cattle	Cross-sectional survey	2042 blood samples were collected from school children aged 2–15.
Mayagaya et al., [82]	Tanzania	To investigate the impact livestock ownership has on vector ecology and malaria parasite infectivity rate	Longitudinal study (mosquito collection)	29,393 Anopheles mosquitoes were collected over a three-year period.