Figure 5.

Morphogenesis in root nematodes: other root endoparasites (A–N). Trophotylenchulus obscurus (A,B): (A) Nematode (n) parasitizing coffee root. (B) Cross section of coffee root showing feeding cells (fc) with no evident increase in size and the nematode (Source: N. Vovlas). Tylenchulus semipenetrans (C,D): (C) Nematode (n) parasitizing citrus root. (D) Cross section showing induced nurse cells (nc) with dense cytosols (Source: N. Vovlas). Nacobbus aberrans (E–H). (E,F) Tomato roots infected by the nematode showing knobs. (G,H) Cross sections of tomato roots showing the nematode (n) and the induced syncytium (s) (Vovlas et al., 2007; with permission of Journal of Nematology). Cryphodera brinkmani (I–L): (I) Root segment of pine with the posterior portion of the body of a white female (n) protruding from the root surface. (J–L) Cross sections of pine roots showing nematode female body (n) embedded in the cortical parenchyma and an uninucleate giant cell (ugc) with hypertrophied nucleus (hn) (Vovlas et al., 2013; with permission of Springer). (M) Cross section of corn root infected by Meloidodera charis showing the single nurse cell (nc) (Source: N. Vovlas). (N) Cross section of Mentha aquatica root infected by Meloidoderita kirjanovae showing the syncytial formation (s) (Vovlas et al., 2006; with permission of Journal of Nematology). Fc, feeding cell; hn, hypertrophied nucleus; n, nematode; nc, nurse cell; s, syncytium; ugc, uninucleate giant cell. Scale bars: A,I = 500 μm; B,G,H,N = 50 μm; C,D,J–M = 100 μm.