Table 1.
Description of Study Measures
| Measure | Operationalized As | Source/Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Concentration of referral sources | 1/(Σ log Pi), where Pi = proportion of referrals from: courts, police, and other law enforcement; other substance abuse treatment facilities; mental health agencies or providers; hospitals, physicians, and other health care providers; vocational rehab or other social service providers; or schools, employee assistance programs, welfare agencies, self-referrals, or other. | Clinical supervisor |
| Hospital affiliation | Unit is owned by, managed by, or affiliated with a hospital. | Program director (Yes = 1) |
| Mental health center affiliation | Program is owned by, managed by, or part of a mental health center. | Program director (Yes = 1) |
| Private not-for-profit ownership | Program control status is private not for profit. | Program director (Yes = 1, Referent group = public) |
| Private for-profit ownership | Program control status is private for profit. | Program director (Yes = 1, Referent group = public) |
| Number of clients | Total number of outpatient substance abuse treatment (OSAT) clients in most recent complete fiscal year | Program director (logged in regression models) |
| Methadone treatment program | Program provides methadone treatment services | Program director (Yes = 1) |
| Percentage of clients prior treatment | Percentage of current OSAT clients who had previously received substance abuse treatment | Clinical supervisor |
| Percentage of clients with multiple substance abuse problems | Percentage of current OSAT clients who use two or more substances, including alcohol, cocaine, crack, and others. | Clinical supervisor |
| Percentage of clients dual diagnosis | Percentage of current OSAT clients who also had mental illness | Clinical supervisor |
| Percentage of clients unemployed | Percentage of current OSAT clients unemployed | Clinical supervisor |
| Percentage of clients African American | Percentage of current OSAT clients African American | Clinical supervisor |
| Percentage of revenues | Percentage of OSAT revenues from federal sources, Medicaid, non-Medicaid state sources, local sources, insurance, self-paid clients, and donations | Unit director |
| 1995 | First wave used in analysis | Referent was 2005, the most recent wave |
| 1999/2000 | Second wave used in analysis | Referent was 2005 |
| Percentage of clients receiving routine medical care | In the previous year, the percentage of outpatient substance abuse clients who received routine medical care either directly from the program or through an arrangement with another provider. | Clinical supervisor Categorized as 0% = 0; 1% to 33% = 1; 34% to 67% = 2; and 68% to 100% = 3 |
| Percentage of clients receiving mental health care | In the previous year, the percentage of outpatient substance abuse clients who received mental health care either directly from the program or through an arrangement with another provider. | Clinical supervisor Categorized as 0% = 0; 1% to 33% = 1; 34% to 67% = 2; and 68% to 100% = 3 |
| Percentage of clients receiving employment counseling | In the previous year, the percentage of outpatient substance abuse clients who received employment counseling either directly from the program or through an arrangement with another provider. | Clinical supervisor Categorized as 0% = 0; 1% to 33% = 1; 34% to 67% = 2; and 68% to 100% = 3 |
| Percentage of clients receiving financial counseling | In the previous year, the percentage of outpatient substance abuse clients who received financial counseling either directly from the program or through an arrangement with another provider. | Clinical supervisor Categorized as 0% = 0; 1% to 33% = 1; 34% to 67% = 2; and 68% to 100% = 3 |