Table 3.
Final Models of Associations Between Concentration of Referrals and Treatment Practices
| Parameter | Routine Medical Care
|
Mental Health Care
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | LCL | UCL | OR | LCL | UCL | |
| Intercept 1 | 0.101 | 0.037 | 0.272*** | 0.010 | 0.003 | 0.031*** |
| Intercept 2 | 0.197 | 0.074 | 0.529** | 0.034 | 0.011 | 0.106*** |
| Intercept 3 | 0.435 | 0.163 | 1.161 | 0.210 | 0.068 | 0.646** |
| Intercept 4 | 2.052 | 0.769 | 5.478 | 10.907 | 3.534 | 33.660*** |
| Concentration of referrals | 0.028 | 0.002 | 0.408** | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.058*** |
| Hospital based | 1.342 | 0.960 | 1.877 | 1.054 | 0.722 | 1.540 |
| Mental health center-based | 0.718 | 0.536 | 0.961* | 1.480 | 1.076 | 2.036* |
| Private nonprofit | 0.954 | 0.732 | 1.243 | 0.825 | 0.615 | 1.107 |
| Private for-profit | 0.982 | 0.648 | 1.489 | 0.834 | 0.524 | 1.329 |
| Number of clients (logged) | 0.938 | 0.851 | 1.032 | 0.992 | 0.890 | 1.105 |
| Methadone services | 2.229 | 1.689 | 2.941*** | 0.906 | 0.667 | 1.231 |
| Percentage of clients had prior treatment | 1.006 | 1.002 | 1.010** | 1.004 | 0.999 | 1.009 |
| Percentage of clients use multiple drugs | 1.003 | 0.999 | 1.006 | 0.998 | 0.994 | 1.003 |
| Percentage of clients dual diagnosis | 1.006 | 1.002 | 1.011** | 1.052 | 1.046 | 1.059*** |
| Percentage of clients unemployed | 1.005 | 1.001 | 1.010* | 1.000 | 0.995 | 1.005 |
| Percentage of clients African American | 0.998 | 0.994 | 1.003 | 1.000 | 0.996 | 1.005 |
| Percentage of revenues from federal sources | 0.999 | 0.992 | 1.006 | 0.992 | 0.984 | 1.000 |
| Percentage of revenues from Medicaid | 1.002 | 0.995 | 1.010 | 1.000 | 0.992 | 1.008 |
| Percentage of revenues from non-Medicaid state | 0.995 | 0.988 | 1.001 | 0.990 | 0.983 | 0.997** |
| Percentage of revenues from local sources | 0.994 | 0.987 | 1.001 | 0.990 | 0.982 | 0.998* |
| Percentage of revenues from insurance | 0.996 | 0.988 | 1.005 | 0.994 | 0.985 | 1.003 |
| Percentage of revenues from self-paid | 0.989 | 0.982 | 0.997** | 0.987 | 0.979 | 0.995** |
| Percentage of revenues donated | 1.005 | 0.988 | 1.022 | 0.997 | 0.979 | 1.016 |
| 1995 | 1.120 | 0.870 | 1.442 | 0.812 | 0.612 | 1.078 |
| 1999/2000 | 0.963 | 0.744 | 1.247 | 0.978 | 0.736 | 1.301 |
| n = 1,350 | n = 1,375 | |||||
| Parameter | Employment Counseling
|
Financial Counseling
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | LCL | UCL | OR | LCL | UCL | |
| Intercept 1 | 0.020 | 0.007 | 0.058*** | 0.029 | 0.010 | 0.084*** |
| Intercept 2 | 0.035 | 0.012 | 0.100*** | 0.043 | 0.015 | 0.122*** |
| Intercept 3 | 0.104 | 0.037 | 0.294*** | 0.079 | 0.028 | 0.225*** |
| Intercept 4 | 1.114 | 0.398 | 3.119 | 0.510 | 0.181 | 1.435 |
| Concentration of referrals | 0.285 | 0.019 | 4.185 | 0.043 | 0.003 | 0.634* |
| Hospital based | 1.188 | 0.845 | 1.670 | 1.006 | 0.708 | 1.429 |
| Mental health center-based | 0.826 | 0.613 | 1.113 | 0.973 | 0.720 | 1.315 |
| Private nonprofit | 0.854 | 0.650 | 1.122 | 1.118 | 0.846 | 1.478 |
| Private for-profit | 1.148 | 0.755 | 1.745 | 1.511 | 0.986 | 2.315 |
| Number of clients (logged) | 0.992 | 0.898 | 1.095 | 0.938 | 0.848 | 1.038 |
| Methadone services | 1.124 | 0.851 | 1.483 | 1.092 | 0.822 | 1.449 |
| Percentage of clients had prior treatment | 1.011 | 1.007 | 1.015*** | 1.006 | 1.002 | 1.010** |
| Percentage of clients use multiple drugs | 1.006 | 1.002 | 1.010** | 1.005 | 1.001 | 1.009** |
| Percentage of clients dual diagnosis | 1.002 | 0.997 | 1.006 | 1.003 | 0.998 | 1.008 |
| Percentage of clients unemployed | 1.006 | 1.001 | 1.011* | 1.002 | 0.997 | 1.007 |
| Percentage of clients African American | 1.004 | 1.000 | 1.009 | 1.001 | 0.997 | 1.005 |
| Percentage of revenues from federal sources | 1.001 | 0.994 | 1.009 | 1.009 | 1.002 | 1.017* |
| Percentage of revenues from Medicaid | 1.003 | 0.995 | 1.011 | 1.005 | 0.997 | 1.013 |
| Percentage of revenues from non-Medicaid state | 1.003 | 0.996 | 1.010 | 1.006 | 0.999 | 1.013 |
| Percentage of revenues from local sources | 1.003 | 0.995 | 1.011 | 1.006 | 0.999 | 1.014 |
| Percentage of revenues from insurance | 0.989 | 0.980 | 0.997** | 1.004 | 0.995 | 1.012 |
| Percentage of revenues from self-paid | 0.991 | 0.983 | 0.998* | 1.000 | 0.992 | 1.007 |
| Percentage of revenues donated | 1.025 | 1.009 | 1.042** | 1.018 | 1.001 | 1.036* |
| 1995 | 1.005 | 0.777 | 1.300 | 0.814 | 0.626 | 1.060 |
| 1999/2000 | 1.058 | 0.814 | 1.376 | 0.925 | 0.709 | 1.206 |
| n = 1,367 | n = 1,356 | |||||
Note: OR = odds ratio; LCL = lower confidence limit; UCL = upper confidence limit.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.