Table 1.

Multiplicity of Biomarker Types and Applications

Type	Definition/Application
Combinatorial	Panel- or pattern-based
Diagnostic	Disease-specific
Differentiation	Efficacy or safety of drugs within same class
Efficacy	Reflects positive outcome of a treatment
Exploratory	Delimited, may be driven by discovery, not hypothesis
Pharmacodynamic	Contrasting pharmacodynamic patterns may offer utility for treatment (optimal dose?)
Prognostic	Predict course of disease
Predictive	Provides information on obtaining response to treatment (optimal drug?)
Qualified	The data support its use for stated purpose
Risk	Can be used for risk stratification
Toxicity	Avoid/monitor potential toxic effects
Screening	Early disease detection
Staging	Differentiates different stages, activity, and subtypes of disease
Stand-alone	A single biomarker sufficient for purpose by itself
Stratification	Select best treatment for given patient
Surrogate	Intended as substitute for clinical endpoint
Translational	Can be used in pre-clinical and clinical studies