TABLE 3.
Associations of Mediterranean diet score in pregnancy (per 3-point increment on a 0–9 scale) with offspring cardiometabolic risk factors in Project Viva (N =997) and Rhea (N = 569) cohorts, separately, and in pooled analysis
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basic Modela | Confounder Modelb | Mediator Model- Birth & Infan characteristicsc | Mediator Model - Child life-styled | |||
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| Mean (SD) | β (95% CI) | |||||
| Project Viva (N =997) | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 94.5 (8.7) | −1.58 (−2.59,−0.57) | −1.38 (−2.42,−0.35) | −1.53 (−2.60,−0.46) | −1.17 (−2.18,−0.17) | |
| DBP (mmHg) | 54.4 (5.7) | −0.83 (−1.50,−0.16) | −0.81 (−1.50,−0.13) | −0.91 (−1.62,−0.20) | −0.77 (−1.48,−0.05) | |
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| Mean (SD) | % Change (95% CI) | |||||
|
|
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| CRP (ml/dl) | 0.8 (2.1) | −8.0 (−28.9, 19.0) | −2.9 (−21.2, 34.5) | −1.2 (−23.1, 33.2) | −1.0 (−23.5, 28.1) | |
| HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 57.1 (13.7) | 0.9 (−2.9, 4.8) | 0.5 (−3.4, 4.5) | 0.3 (−3.7, 4.5) | 0.5 (−3.5, 4.6) | |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 159.8 (27.0) | 2.8 (0.0, 5.6) | 2.3 (−0.6, 5.2) | 2.0 (−1.0, 5.0) | 2.4 (−0.6, 5.5) | |
| Adiponectin (ul/ml) | 15.6 (8.8) | 5.3 (−3.5, 14.9) | 1.7 (−7.1, 11.4) | 3.9 (−5.3, 13.9) | 3.5 (−5.7, 13.7) | |
| Leptin (ng/ml) | 5.8 (6.8) | −7.5 (−18.7, 5.3) | −4.2 (−16.3, 9.7) | −2.3 (−14.8, 12.0) | −2.9 (−14.2, 10.0) | |
|
| ||||||
| Rhea (N = 569) | Mean (SD) | β (95% CI) | ||||
|
| ||||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 90.7 (7.9) | −0.35 (−1.70, 1.00) | −0.50 (−1.88, 0.88) | −0.85 (−2.25, 0.55) | −0.38 (−1.71, 0.95) | |
| DBPa(mmHg) | 53.9 (5.3) | −0.12 (−1.02, 0.79) | −0.26 (−1.20, 0.68) | −0.39 (−1.35, 0.57) | −0.14 (−1.12, 0.83) | |
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| Mean (SD) | % Change (95% CI) | |||||
|
|
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| CRP (ml/dl) | 0.2 (0.7) | −13.4 (−31.1, 8.8) | −7.6 (−27.0, 17.0) | −10.1 (−29.5, 14.6) | −8.6 (−28.6, 16.9) | |
| HDL -Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 46.6 (10.5) | 1.3 (−2.4, 5.1) | 0.6 (−3.2, 4.6) | 0.4 (−3.6, 4.5) | 0.5 (−3.4, 4.7) | |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 156.7 (28.7) | 0.0 (−2.9, 2.9) | −1.1 (−4.1, 2.0) | −1.0 (−4.0, 2.1) | −1.1 (−4.1, 2.1) | |
| Adiponectin (ul/ml) | 15.0 (8.6) | −6.6 (−15.2, 2.8) | −5.7 (−14.8, 4.5) | −6.8 (−16.1, 3.6) | −3.7 (−13.3, 7.0) | |
| Leptin (ng/ml) | 2.8 (3.7) | −5.7 (−17.4, 7.8) | −7.7 (−19.5, 5.9) | −9.4 (−21.4, 4.6) | −4.0 (−14.1, 7.3) | |
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| ||||||
| Combined effect-Pooled analysis | β (95% CI) | |||||
|
| ||||||
| SBP (mmHg) | −1.13 (−1.93,−0.33) | −1.03 (−1.65,−0.42) | −1.22 (−1.72,−0.71) | −0.82 (−1.40,−0.25) | ||
| DBP (mmHg) | −0.56 (−1.04,−0.07) | −0.57 (−0.98,−0.16) | −0.66 (−1.06,−0.27) | −0.49 (−0.96,−0.02) | ||
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| % Change (95% CI) | ||||||
|
|
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| CRP (ml/dl) | −11.9 (−15.8, −7.8) | −4.0 (−11.2, 3.8) | −6.4 (−13.9, 1.9) | −4.7 (−9.5, 0.3) | ||
| HDL -Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.8) | 0.6 (0.3, 0.8) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.2) | ||
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 1.4 (−0.5, 3.4) | 0.9 (−1.5, 3.3) | 0.9 (−1.4, 3.2) | 1.0 (−1.7, 3.7) | ||
| Adiponectin (ul/ml) | −0.9 (−8.7, 7.5) | −1.6 (−6.5, 3.4) | −0.9 (−8.0, 6.7) | −0.1 (−5.2, 5.2) | ||
| Leptin (ng/ml) | −6.4 (−7.5, −5.3) | −6.0 (−8.5, −3.5) | −5.9 (−11.0, −0.5) | −3.7 (−4.3, −3.1) | ||
SBP, Systolic Blood Pressure; DBP, Diastolic Blood Pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; CRP: C reactive protein
Lipids, leptin, adiponectin and CRP were log transformed to normalize their distributions. We calculated percent change by exponentiating beta coefficients, subtracting by 1 and multiplying by 100
Basic model includes child sex and age at outcome
Confounder model also includes maternal age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, race/ethnicity, education level, parity, smoking during pregnancy, and child sex and age at outcome assessment
Mediator model - Birth & Infant characteristics is confounder model additionally adjusted for birth weight for gestation age z-score and breastfeeding duration
Mediator model - Child life-style characteristics is confounder model additionally adjusted for fast food intake, TV viewing, and child’s BMI at age of outcome assessment