Table 4.

Factors associated with prescription for ≥90 days of an opioid in adult patients on dialysis continuously enrolled in Medicare Part A, B, and D, 2010 (n=153,540)

Characteristics	OR	95% CI	P Value
Sex
Men	1.00
Women	1.21	1.18 to 1.24	<0.001
Race
Black	1.00
White	1.12	1.09 to 1.15	<0.001
Other	0.51	0.47 to 0.54	<0.001
Age group, yr
20–44	1.28	1.23 to 1.33	<0.001
45–64	1.59	1.54 to 1.63	<0.001
65+	1.00
ESRD vintage, yr
1–2	1.00
3–4	1.01	0.97 to 1.05	0.57
5+	1.12	1.08 to 1.16	<0.001
Dialysis modality
HD	1.00
PD	0.68	0.64 to 0.72	<0.001
History of kidney transplantation
No	1.00
Yes	1.02	0.97 to 1.07	0.45
Analgesic prescription
No	1.00
Yes	1.59	1.54 to 1.64	<0.001
Dual statusa
No	1.00
Yes	1.60	1.55 to 1.65	<0.001
Residential area
Large metropolitan	1.00
Medium/small metropolitan	1.36	1.32 to 1.40	<0.001
Nonmetropolitan	1.52	1.47 to 1.57	<0.001
Nursing home residenceb
No	1.00
Yes	1.14	1.09 to 1.18	<0.001
Cancerc
No	1.00
Yes	1.13	1.07 to 1.19	<0.001
Prior pain-related hospitalization in 2010
No	1.00
Yes	2.28	2.18 to 2.38	<0.001
No. of prior hospitalizations in 2010
0	1.00
1–2	1.48	1.44 to 1.52	<0.001
3–4	1.98	1.91 to 2.06	<0.001
5 or more	2.42	2.32 to 2.53	<0.001

All variables presented in the table were adjusted in the logistic regression model.

^aDual status in Medicare and Medicaid.

^bOn the basis of one or more claims in physician/carrier files.

^cOn the basis of one or more inpatient stays with a cancer diagnosis and CMS Form 2728.