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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Nov 21.
Published in final edited form as: Circulation. 2017 Oct 3;136(21):2037–2050. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.028202

Figure 5. Optical mapping shows prolonged action potentials and polymorphic VT in HFpEF hearts.

Figure 5

A. Optical mapping of control and HFpEF hearts ex vivo showed action potential changes. B. Action potential prolongation in HFpEF is evident in representative recordings. C. Action potential duration 90% (APD90) is prolonged in HFpEF hearts compared to control hearts. Control rats n=4 and HFpEF rats n=4. D. Representative APD map of control and HFpEF hearts. E. APD dispersion was increased in HFpEF rats compared to controls. F. PES in a HFpEF rat elicited polymorphic VT. APD map of the rat heart showed heterogenous and dispersed APD G. Activation map analyses of the polymorphic VT showed multiple re-entry circuits. First 10 beats are caused by 10 S1 stimuli and next beat by single S2. There were approximately 22 VT beats and with variable clockwise or counter-clockwise rotation indicating multiple re-entry circuits. Of note, the site of block was found to be located at the region where the APD dispersion was high and this created the first re-entry circuit for the arrhythmia. Error line indicates mean and standard deviation. * denotes p < 0.05. AU: Arbitrary Unit. Mixed model regression with post-hoc testing (Tukey adjustment) was used for 5C and unpaired t-test was used for 5E.