Table 2.
Change in Percentile Visit Rank in the Patient Experience Measure Associated with a Unit-Change in Patient-Level Covariates
| Standard adjustment* | ||
| Variable | PE (95% CI) | p-value |
| Age, years | 0.4 (0.3, 0.6) | <.001 |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 1.0 (ref) | |
| Female | 0.1 (−2.6, 2.8) | 0.97 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| White | 1.0 (ref) | |
| Hispanic | 2.4 (−1.7, 6.5) | 0.24 |
| Black | 3.4 (−2.2, 8.9) | 0.23 |
| Asian | 4.6 (−2.8, 11.9) | 0.22 |
| Other/multiple | 4.2 (−1.1, 9.4) | 0.12 |
| Decline to state | 0.6 (−8.7, 9.9) | 0.90 |
| Education | ||
| < High school/GED | 1.0 (ref) | |
| High school/GED | 1.8 (−6.9, 10.6) | 0.68 |
| Some college | −1.3 (−9.8, 7.3) | 0.77 |
| College graduate | −8.1 (−17.4, 1.2) | 0.09 |
| Some post-college | −6.4 (−15.6, 2.8) | 0.17 |
| Physical health status | ||
| Poor | 1.0 (ref) | |
| Fair | −1.7 (−12.1, 8.7) | 0.74 |
| Good | −2.4 (−11.8, 7.0) | 0.61 |
| Very good | 1.4 (−8.0, 10.9) | 0.76 |
| Excellent | 6.4 (−4.5, 17.3) | 0.24 |
| Mental Health Index-5 (range: 4–100) | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) | 0.15 |
| Variance explained† | ||
| R2 | 9.6% | |
| Expanded adjustment* | ||
| Variable | PE (95% CI) | p-value |
| Age, years | 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) | <.001 |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 1.0 (ref) | |
| Female | 0.1 (−2.5, 2.7) | 0.94 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| White | 1.0 (ref) | |
| Hispanic | 3.2 (−0.6, 6.9) | 0.10 |
| Black | 3.5 (−1.0, 8.1) | 0.13 |
| Asian | 3.5 (−2.3, 9.3) | 0.24 |
| Other/multiple | 5.4 (0.2, 10.6) | 0.04 |
| Decline to state | 2.1 (−5.7, 9.8) | 0.60 |
| Education | ||
| < High school/GED | 1.0 (ref) | |
| High school/GED | 2.1 (−6.7, 10.8) | 0.64 |
| Some college | −0.5 (−8.7, 7.8) | 0.91 |
| College graduate | −5.5 (−14.4, 3.3) | 0.22 |
| Some post-college | −5.9 (−14.8, 3.0) | 0.19 |
| Physical health status | ||
| Poor | 1.0 (ref) | |
| Fair | −2.8 (−12.1, 6.6) | 0.56 |
| Good | −4.1 (−13.0, 4.8) | 0.36 |
| Very good | 0.1 (−8.8, 8.9) | 0.99 |
| Excellent | 4.6 (−5.0, 14.2) | 0.34 |
| Mental Health Index- 5 (range: 4–100) | 0.0 (−0.1, 0.1) | 0.88 |
| Any prior visit with physician | ||
| No | 1.0 (ref) | |
| Yes | 14.6 (11.4, 17.8) | <.001 |
| Medical skepticism (range: 1–5) | −4.8 (−7.0, −2.5) | <.001 |
| Big-Five Personality Dimensions (range, each dimension: 1–5) | ||
| Extraversion | −0.4 (−2.3, 1.4) | 0.65 |
| Agreeableness | 2.7 (−0.2, 5.5) | 0.06 |
| Conscientiousness | 1.9 (−0.5, 4.3) | 0.12 |
| Neuroticism | 1.9 (−0.5, 4.3) | 0.11 |
| Openness | 0.7 (−2.1, 3.5) | 0.62 |
| Global Life Satisfaction (range: 5–35) | 0.5 (0.2, 0.7) | <.001 |
| Symptom bothersomeness (range: 3–15) | −1.1 (−1.8, −0.4) | 0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.3 (0.1, 0.5) | 0.001 |
| Marital status | ||
| Divorced (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | |
| Married/domestic partnership | −1.5 (−6.2, 3.2) | 0.53 |
| Member of an unmarried couple | −1.3 (−7.7, 5.0) | 0.68 |
| Never married | −0.9 (−6.4, 4.6) | 0.74 |
| Separated | −10.5 (−19.8, −1.3) | 0.03 |
| Widowed | −9.6 (−15.8, −3.5) | 0.003 |
| Variance explained† | ||
| R2 | 20.0% | |
Abbreviations: PE parameter estimate
*Standard adjustment includes covariates recommended for case-mix adjustment by the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) program, while expanded adjustment includes additional patient-level covariates
†R2 was estimated using generalized estimating equations, while parameter estimates derive from mixed-effects linear regression that accounts for cross-nesting of patients within physicians