Table 1.
Demographic and clinicopathologic characteristics in healthy controls and patients with breast cancer.
| Variable | Controls N = 222 (%) | Patients N = 316 (%) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | Mean ± S.D. | Mean ± S.D. | |
| 41.50 ± 14.96 | 53.09 ± 11.33 | p < 0.05 | |
| Cigarette smoking | |||
| No | 217 (97.7) | 315 (99.7) | |
| Yes | 5 (2.3) | 1 (0.3) | p < 0.05 |
| Alcohol consumption | |||
| No | 209 (94.1) | 297 (94.0) | |
| Yes | 13 (5.9) | 19 (6.0) | p > 0.05 |
| Clinical stage | |||
| I/II | 243 (76.9) | ||
| III/IV | 73 (23.1) | ||
| Tumor size | |||
| ≤T2 | 300 (94.9) | ||
| >T2 | 16 (5.1) | ||
| Lymph node status | |||
| N0 + N1 | 248 (78.5) | ||
| N2 + N3 | 68 (21.5) | ||
| Distant metastasis | |||
| M0 | 306 (96.8) | ||
| M1 | 10 (3.2) | ||
| Histological grade | |||
| G1 + G2 | 219 (69.3) | ||
| G3 | 97 (30.7) | ||
| ER status | |||
| Positive | 96 (30.4) | ||
| Negative | 220 (69.6) | ||
| PR status | |||
| Positive | 146 (46.2) | ||
| Negative | 170 (53.8) | ||
| HER2 | |||
| Positive | 199 (63.0) | ||
| Negative | 117 (37.0) | ||
The Mann-Whitney U-test and Fisher’s exact test were used to compare values between controls and patients with breast cancer. *p < 0.05 was statistically significant. ER, estrogen receptor; PR, progesterone receptor; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2.