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. 2017 Nov 21;7:15922. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-16218-3

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Conduction Properties. Conduction velocity (CV) was calculated from the transmural surface of the preparation. (a) A typical elliptical activation pattern was observed. Directions of activation (longitudinal, transverse) indicate the fastest and slowest conduction, respectively. (b) A representative activation map from protocol B shows that the activation pattern was the same both before and after application of JNJ-303. (c) Representative activation maps from protocol C indicate that conduction was increased with the application of isoprenaline. This change in activation was maintained with the addition of JNJ-303 and E-4031. (d) No significant difference was observed between transverse and longitudinal conduction velocities (CV_T, CV_L) in protocol B, and the anisotropy ratio was not altered (d). (f) Both CV_T and CV_L increased significantly with isoprenaline, but no other significant changes from previous conditions were observed. However, significant differences to the baseline were apparent. (g) Conduction anisotropy increased with isoprenaline, slightly decreased with JNJ-303, and remained unchanged with E-4031.