Fig. 3.

mTOR signaling. A simplified schematic of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, selected integrating pathways, and some of their key effector functions. RTK: receptor tyrosine kinase; PI3K: phosphoinositide-3-kinase; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog; PDK1: phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1; mTORC2: mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; TSC2: tuberous sclerosis complex 2; mTORC1: mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTOR); p70S6K: p70 S6 kinase; rS6: ribosomal S6; 4EBP1: eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1; HIF1α: hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; ATG: autophagy related protein.