Figure 3.

Changes in cytokines in the serum of rats. (A) Mesenchymal stromal cell (MCS) treatment 4 times after the establishment of ovalbumin (OVA)‐induced acute allergic rhinitis in rats reduced the expression of interleukin 4 (IL‐4) in the serum of the rats. (B) Three strategies of MCS treatment all dramatically decreased the expression of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) in the serum of rats. (C and D) Although the expression of IL‐17 and interferon gamma (IFN‐γ) have no statistical significance between the OVA‐induced acute allergic rhinitis rats and the MCS treatment groups, the results correspond with the prospective tendency. *P < .05, **P < .01, and ***P < .001