(b) 3D models for psoriasis (without immune cells).

3D in vitro models	Components	Support	Observed features
Barker et al. [111]	Fibroblasts + keratinocytes isolated from human lesional skin	Collagen gels	Psoriasis-like phenotype
Tjabringa et al. [98]	Healthy keratinocytes + de-epidermized dermis + cytokines (IL-1α, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-22)	De-epidermized dermis	Psoriasis-like phenotype
Jean et al. [97]	Psoriatic fibroblasts + psoriatic keratinocytes	Fibroblast-derived dermal matrix	Psoriasis-like phenotype
van den Bogaard et al. [105]	Healthy keratinocytes + activated CD4-positive T cells and Th1/Th17-polarized T cells	Decellularized deepidermized dermis	Psoriasis-like phenotype