Table 2.
Analyses of clinical studies on treatment of different stages of diabetic nephropathy with Huangqi (Astragalus membranaceus) injections.
| Stage | Number of cases | Study design | Main improvement indicators | Publication year | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control group | Treatment group | ||||
| I-II [7] | 13 | 15 | RCT | UAER, TGF-β1, HbA1c, C-IV | 2004 |
| III [8–11] | 1644 | 1724 | 4 metas, including 49 RCTs | UAER [8–11], 24-hour urinary protein [8–10], Scr [8, 10, 11], BUN [8, 10], TG [8, 9], TC [8, 9], FBG [9, 10] | 2013 (2004–2012)∗ |
| 2013 (2005–2011)∗ | |||||
| 2014 (1998–2012)∗ | |||||
| 2017 (1998–2015)∗ | |||||
| III-IV [12] | 859 | 945 | Meta, including 21 RCTs, 4 CCTs | 24-hour urinary protein, Scr, BUN, CCr | 2011 (1999–2006)∗ |
| IV [13–17] | 199 | 256 | 5 RCTs | 24-hour urinary protein [13–17], Scr [14, 16], BUN [14, 15], CCr [13, 17], TG [13, 16, 17], TC [13, 16, 17] | 2000–2015 |
| V [18–28] | 120 | 152 | 11 RCTs | Scr [18, 20, 22, 23, 25–28], BUN [18, 22, 23, 25–28], CCr [22, 26, 27] | 1997–2016 |
Note. ∗Publication year of cited paper of RCT or CCT. UAER: urine albumin excretion rate; TGF-β1: transforming growth factor β1; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; C-IV: type IV collagen; Scr: serum creatinine; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; TG: glycerin trilaurate; TC: total cholesterol; FBG: fasting blood glucose; CCr: creatinine clearance rate.