TABLE 2.
Effects of egg intervention on plasma concentrations of biomarkers1
| Plasma concentration of biomarkers, by study group2 |
Effect size difference between egg intervention group and control group |
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| Baseline |
Endline |
Unadjusted3 |
Adjusted4 |
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| Control (n = 64) | Eggs (n = 73) | Control (n = 66) | Eggs (n = 73) | Difference (95% CI) | P | BH-P5 | Difference (95% CI) | P | BH-P5 | |
| Choline, μg/mL | 2.15 (2.06, 2.25) | 2.05 (1.96, 2.14) | 1.77 (1.69, 1.86) | 2.00 (1.91, 2.10) | 0.34 (0.11, 0.55) | 0.004 | 0.032 | 0.35 (0.12, 0.57) | 0.004 | 0.032 |
| Betaine, μg/mL | 8.70 (8.12, 9.33) | 8.62 (8.13, 9.14) | 8.30 (7.76, 8.87) | 8.83 (8.25, 9.45) | 0.29 (0.01, 0.56) | 0.041 | 0.082 | 0.29 (0.01, 0.58) | 0.043 | 0.086 |
| DMG, μg/mL | 1.10 (0.98, 1.23) | 1.28 (1.17, 1.40) | 0.80 (0.72, 0.90) | 0.92 (0.85, 1.00) | 0.03 (−0.20, 0.27) | 0.769 | 0.772 | 0.03 (−0.22, 0.28) | 0.785 | 0.785 |
| Methionine, μg/mL | 3.40 (3.24, 3.56) | 3.16 (3.00, 3.34) | 3.26 (3.05, 3.49) | 3.61 (3.33, 3.91) | 0.29 (0.00, 0.58) | 0.047 | 0.165 | 0.31 (0.03, 0.60) | 0.034 | 0.143 |
| Vitamin B-12,6 pmol/L | 279.10 (254.17, 306.48) | 282.75 (255.18, 312.29) | 250.44 (227.37, 275.85) | 264.19 (243.52, 291.39) | 0.08 (−0.17, 0.32) | 0.576 | 0.772 | 0.12 (−0.16, 0.38) | 0.335 | 0.536 |
| Retinol, ng/mL | 540.33 (508.38, 572.29) | 531.82 (501.27, 562.37) | 643.79 (601.18, 686.40) | 656.35 (616.93, 695.76) | 0.07 (−0.22, 0.38) | 0.606 | 0.772 | 0.12 (−0.19, 0.42) | 0.429 | 0.572 |
| LA, μg/mL | 14.42 (12.98, 16.01) | 14.83 (13.51, 16.27) | 12.53 (11.08, 14.17) | 13.78 (11.87, 16.00) | 0.23 (−0.05, 0.50) | 0.108 | 0.162 | 0.23 (−0.06, 0.52) | 0.114 | 0.171 |
| ALA, μg/mL | 1.06 (0.94, 1.20) | 1.03 (0.92, 1.15) | 0.89 (0.77, 1.04) | 0.91 (0.76, 1.10) | 0.10 (−0.17, 0.38) | 0.459 | 0.459 | 0.07 (−0.21, 0.36) | 0.610 | 0.610 |
| DHA, μg/mL | 1.37 (1.27, 1.49) | 1.45 (1.32, 1.58) | 1.14 (1.02, 1.26) | 1.32 (1.15, 1.53) | 0.42 (0.13, 0.71) | 0.005 | 0.015 | 0.43 (0.13, 0.73) | 0.006 | 0.018 |
| TMAO, ng/mL | 118.6 (91.3, 145.9) | 126.5 (88.0, 165.0) | 196.3(151.7, 240.9) | 313.2 (221.2, 405.3) | 0.33 (0.07,0.58) | 0.013 | 0.034 | 0.33 (0.08, 0.58) | 0.011 | 0.044 |
| TMA, ng/mL | 207.0 (176.7, 242.5) | 222.0 (189.3, 260.4) | 217.1 (178.5, 264.2) | 190.1 (145.2, 248.8) | −0.04 (−0.40, 0.26) | 0.772 | 0.772 | −0.04 (−0.40, 0.26) | 0.740 | 0.785 |
| DMA, ng/mL | 64.03 (59.22, 69.23) | 68.36 (63.20, 73.94) | 66.29 (60.54, 72.59) | 78.95 (71.82, 86.77) | 0.40 (0.11, 0.71) | 0.009 | 0.034 | 0.37 (0.08, 0.69) | 0.017 | 0.045 |
Results with the use of generalized linear regression modeling for unadjusted and adjusted effect sizes, by group, are shown. Effect size = mean difference/SD of the pooled data. ALA, α-linolenic acid; BH-P, Benjamini-Hochberg P value; DMA, dimethylamine; DMG, dimethylglycine; LA, linoleic acid; TMA, trimethylamine; TMAO, trimethylamine-N-oxide.
Values for methionine, TMAO, TMA, DMA, vitamin B-12, DHA, ALA, LA, betaine, choline, and DMG are geometric means (95% CIs); data were skewed. Values for retinol are means (95% CIs). All biomarker values are geometric means converted to log-normal distributions, except for retinol concentrations, which are presented as means.
Adjusted for corresponding baseline biomarker value.
Adjusted for child age, child sex, baseline stunting status, and corresponding baseline biomarker value.
Adjusted to account for multiple comparisons.
Available aliquots for vitamin B-12 analyses were for n = 81 and 78 in the baseline control and egg groups, respectively, and for n = 72 and 74 in the endline control and egg groups, respectively.