TABLE 1.
Participant characteristics1
| Overall (n = 128) | Elevated (n = 33) | Nonelevated (n = 95) | P | |
| Age, y | 71.3 ± 5.12 | 72.5 ± 4.6 | 71.0 ± 5.2 | 0.15 |
| Sex (F/M), n | 84/44 | 19/14 | 65/30 | 0.50 |
| F/M, % | 66/34 | 59/41 | 68/32 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.9 ± 4.8 | 28.4 ± 4.2 | 29.0 ± 5.0 | 0.51 |
| Diagnosed diabetes, n (%) | 16 (13) | 6 (18) | 10 (11) | 0.38 |
| Taking oral diabetes medications | 15 (12) | 5 (15) | 10 (11) | 0.66 |
| Education, y | 16.5 ± 2.6 | 16.4 ± 3.1 | 16.6 ± 2.4 | 0.78 |
| Dietary intake3 | ||||
| Energy, kcal | 1590 ± 670 | 1700 ± 760 | 1550 ± 640 | 0.24 |
| Fat, g | 66 ± 31 | 68 ± 31 | 65 ± 31 | 0.53 |
| Protein, g | 65 ± 32 | 69 ± 29 | 64 ± 33 | 0.51 |
| Dietary glycemic measures3 | ||||
| Carbohydrate, g | 184 ± 85 | 208 ± 112 | 176 ± 72 | 0.05 |
| Sugar, g | 86 ± 49 | 102 ± 64 | 81 ± 42 | 0.03 |
| Glycemic load | 96 ± 47 | 106 ± 58 | 92 ± 43 | 0.11 |
| HGLDiet pattern | 0.1 ± 1.0 | 0.5 ± 1.1 | −0.1 ± 1.0 | 0.01 |
| Cognition scores | ||||
| MMSE | 29 ± 1 | 29 ± 1 | 29 ± 2 | 0.94 |
| WAIS-R Digit Symbol | 51 ± 10 | 49 ± 10 | 51 ± 10 | 0.18 |
| Trail Making Test A | 29 ± 10 | 31 ± 10 | 29 ± 10 | 0.30 |
| Trail Making Test B | 79 ± 38 | 78 ± 25 | 79 ± 41 | 0.88 |
| Category Fluency | 39 ± 8 | 38 ± 8 | 39 ± 8 | 0.54 |
| Block Design | 37 ± 11 | 36 ± 10 | 37 ± 11 | 0.41 |
| Stroop | 219 ± 32 | 216 ± 32 | 220 ± 32 | 0.45 |
| SRT–free total | 31 ± 5 | 29 ± 5 | 31 ± 5 | 0.05 |
| SUVR4 | ||||
| Global | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Anterior cingulate gyrus | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Inferior medial frontal gyrus | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Lateral temporal lobe | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Posterior cingulate gyrus | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Precuneus | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Superior parietal lobule | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
1
Group differences were assessed by ANCOVA adjusted for age and sex. Significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. HGLDiet, high-glycemic-load diet; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; SRT, Selective Reminding Test; Stroop, Stroop Color-Word Interference Test; SUVR, standard uptake value ratio; WAIS-R, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised.
2
Mean ± SD (all such values).
3
Derived by using a food-frequency questionnaire.
4
Derived by using florbetapir F-18 positron emission tomography imaging.