TABLE 1.
Characteristics of the study population1
| Not stunted2 (n = 152) | Stunted2 (n = 248) | P3 | |
| Age, mo | 29.0 ± 12.5 | 36.9 ± 10.6 | <0.001 |
| Female | 80 (53) | 118 (48) | 0.33 |
| Weight-for-height z score | 0.1 ± 0.9 | 0.2 ± 1.0 | 0.50 |
| HAZ | −1.1 ± 0.9 | −3.1 ± 0.8 | <0.001 |
| Primary caretaker is mother | 148 (97) | 233 (94) | 0.12 |
| Father is alive | 152 (100) | 232 (94) | 0.001 |
| Siblings, n | 3.7 ± 1.8 | 3.8 ± 1.7 | 0.83 |
| Individuals that sleep in same room as child, n | 3.5 ± 1.2 | 3.2 ± 1.6 | 0.06 |
| Home with a metal roof | 28 (18) | 47 (19) | 0.90 |
| Family owns bicycle | 98 (64) | 146 (59) | 0.26 |
| Animals sleep in house | 46 (30) | 98 (40) | 0.06 |
| Water from a clean source | 89 (59) | 183 (74) | 0.002 |
| Child uses pit latrine | 127 (84) | 184 (74) | 0.03 |
| Village | <0.001 | ||
| Chamba | 6 (4) | 39 (16) | |
| Makwhira | 7 (5) | 20 (8) | |
| Masika | 97 (64) | 59 (24) | |
| Mayaka | 25 (16) | 71 (29) | |
| Mbiza | 11 (7) | 49 (20) | |
| Mitondo | 6 (4) | 10 (4) |
1
Values are means ± SDs or n (%). HAZ, height-for-age z score.
2
Stunted was defined as HAZ <−2.
3
Determined by Student’s t test for continuous variables or chi-square test for categorical variables.