TABLE 3.
Serum metabolites positively associated with height-for-age z score
| Metabolite | Description |
| Androsterone sulfate | Sulfated neurosteroid |
| Dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate | Sulfated neurosteroid with memory enhancing, neuroprotective effects |
| Sphingomyelin (d18:1/20:1, d18:2/20:0) | Sphingomyelin |
| 1-(1-Enyl-palmitoyl)-2-linoleoyl-glycerophosphorylcholine (P-16:0/18:2) | Phosphatidylcholine plasmalogen, diene |
| Sphingomyelin (d18:1/22:1, d18:2/22:0, d16:1/24:1) | Sphingomyelin |
| Glutamine | Conditionally essential amino acid |
| Hypotaurine | Intermediate in biosynthesis of taurine |
| Creatinine | Breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle |
| Homoarginine | Nonproteinogenic amino acid formed from lysine, involved in vascular homeostasis |
| γ-Glutamyl-methionine | Dipeptide composed of γ-glutamate and methionine |
| Threonine | Essential amino acid |
| Trans-4-hydroxyproline | Major component of protein collagen (role in collagen stability) |
| N-acetylcarnosine | Related to carnosine but with extra acetyl group, found especially in muscle tissue |
| γ-Glutamyl-glutamine | Dipeptide composed of γ-glutamate and glutamine |
| Methionine | Essential amino acid |
| Thioproline | Metabolite of 5-hydroxytryptamine catabolism |
| Pro-hydroxy-pro | Major component of collagen |
| Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) | Monoamine neurotransmitter, derived from tryptophan |
| Sphingomyelin (d18:1/21:0, d17:1/22:0, d16:1/23:0) | Sphingomyelin |
| Arginine | Conditionally essential amino acid |
| 1-Stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-glycerophosphorylcholine (18:0/20:4) | Phosphatidylcholine, polyene |
| Sphingomyelin (d18:1/20:0, d16:1/22:0) | Sphingomyelin |
| Tryptophan | Essential amino acid |
| 4-Androsten-3β,17β-diol disulfate | Metabolite of dihydrotestosterone |
| 1-Lignoceroyl-glycerophosphorylcholine (24:0) | Lyso-phosphatidylcholine, long-chain saturate |
| γ-Glutamyl-threonine | Dipeptide composed of γ-glutamate and threonine |
| Pregn steroid monosulfate | Endogenous excitatory neurosteroid, with cognitive and memory-enhancing effects |
| 5α-Pregnan-3β,20α-diol sulfate | Sulfate of pregnanediol isomer, metabolite of plasma progesterone |
| Sphingomyelin (d18:2/14:0, d18:1/14:1) | Sphingomyelin |
| Leucine | Essential amino acid |
| 2-Aminobutyrate | Intermediate in biosynthesis of ophthalmic acid |
| 1-Linoleoyl-2-arachidonoyl-glycerophosphorylcholine (18:2/20:4n–6) | Phosphatidylcholine, polyene |
| 5α-Pregnan-3β, 20α-diol monosulfate | Sulfate of pregnanediol isomer, metabolite of plasma progesterone |
| 1-(1-Enyl-palmitoyl)-2-arachidonyl-glycerophosphorylcholine (P-16:0/20:4) | Phosphatidylcholine plasmalogen, polyene |
| Tyrosine | Nonessential amino acid |
| Sphingomyelin (d18:1/18:1, d18:2/18:0) | Sphingomyelin |
| Pregnenolone sulfate | Endogenous excitatory neurosteroid, with cognitive and memory-enhancing effects |
| Sphingomyelin (d18:1/14:0, d16:1/16:0) | Sphingomyelin |
| Glycylvaline | Dipeptide of glycine and valine |
| Serine | Nonessential amino acid |
| Carnitine | Conditionally essential nutrient, nonproteinogenic amino acid |
| Stearoyl sphingomyelin (d18:1/18:0) | Sphingomyelin |
| Sphingomyelin (d18:2/23:0, d18:1/23:1, d17:1/24:1) | Sphingomyelin long chain |
| 5-Hydroxyindoleacetate | Breakdown product of serotonin |
| Asparagine | Nonessential amino acid |
| Isovalerylcarnitine | C5 acylcarnitine |
| Citrate | Acid in the tricarboxylic acid cycle |
| DHA (22:6n–3) | Very-long-chain PUFA with a 22-carbon backbone and 6 double bonds, polyene |
| 5-Hydroxylysine | Hydroxylated derivative of lysine present in certain collagens |
| γ-Glutamyl-leucine | Dipeptide composed of γ-glutamate and leucine |
| Sphingomyelin (d18:2/16:0, d18:1/16:1) | Sphingomyelin |
| 1-(1-Enyl-stearoyl)-2-archidonoyl-glycerophosphoethanolamine (P-18:0/20:4) | Phosphatidylethanolamine, plasmalogen polyene |
| γ-Glutamyl-tryptophan | Dipeptide composed of γ-glutamate and tryptophan |
| 5-Bromotryptophan | Nonproteinogenic α-amino acid |
| 3-Hydroxy-5-cholestenoic acid | Found in the primary bile acid biosynthesis pathway |
| 1-Arachindonoyl-glycerophosphorylcholine (20:4n–6) | Lyso-phosphatidylcholine, polyene |
| 17α-Hydroxypregnenolone sulfate | Prohormone in the formation of dehydroepiandrosterone, itself a prohormone of the sex steroids |
| 2′-Deoxyuridine | Naturally occurring nucleoside |
| γ-Glutamyl-tyrosine | Dipeptide composed of γ-glutamate and tyrosine |
| Sphingomyelin (d18:2/24:1, d18:1//24:2) | Sphingomyelin, long-chain unsaturate |
| Glucose | Monosaccharide, primary source of energy |
| α-Hydroxyisocaproate | End product of leucine metabolism |
| 21-Hydroxypregnenolone disulfate | Essential intermediate in corticosterone synthesis |
| 5α-Pregnan-3(α or β),20β-diol disulfate | Sulfate of pregnanediol isomer, metabolite of plasma progesterone |
| N-Acetyltryptophan | Stabilizer |
| Oxalate (ethanedioate) | Dicarboxylic acid found in vegetables and produced endogenously by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid |
| Taurine | Sulfonic acid with wide distribution in tissues |
| Taurolithocholate 3-sulfate | Sulfated bile acid |
| 5-Methyluridine (ribothymidine) | Endogenous methylated nucleoside |
| γ-Glutamyl-α-lysine | Dipeptide composed of γ-glutamate and lysine |
| 3β-7α-Dihydroxy-5-cholestenoate | Found in the primary bile acid biosynthesis pathway |
| Gluconate | Mild organic acid, abundant in plant foods, fruit, rice |
| Isoleucylglycine | Dipeptide composed of isoleucine and glycine |
| Lignoceroyl sphingomyelin (d18:1/24:0) | Sphingomyelin long chain saturate |