Figure 1.

Electrical stimulation (ES) treatment significantly improved the cognitive deficit associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI) by Morris water maze tests. (a) This data suggested that the escape latency of all rats was influenced by grouping. The test revealed that the escape latency in Sham group was significantly shorter than that in the N‐ES group from day 2 to 5. And there was no difference between Sham group and ES group. Furthermore, the escape latency was significantly decreased in ES group compared to N‐ES group from day 3 to 5. (b) Six days after training, the platform was removed and the ability of rats to find the removed platform through spatial memory was measured as percent of times they swam in the goal quadrant. Compared with the N‐ES group, rats in the ES group had significantly increased time percents in goal quadrant. However, there was no difference to the percents between ES group and Sham group. n = 10/group; *p < .05 ES group versus N‐ES group; ^# p < .05 N‐ES group and ES group versus Sham group