Figure 4.

Flow cytometry detection of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in peripheral blood of rats before the traumatic brain injury (TBI) (0 day), and 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 days after TBI. They were marked by CD34 and CD133. The stress of TBI mobilized the EPCs at 1 day after TBI in N‐ES group and ES group. Electrical stimulation treatment increased EPCs numbers in peripheral blood from 3 to 21 days after TBI. n = 6/group; *p < .05 ES group versus N‐ES group; ^# p < .05 N‐ES group and ES group versus Sham group