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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jul 10.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Biol. 2017 Jun 29;27(13):1915–1927.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.089

Figure 4. hugin+ Neurons Are Circadian Output Neurons that Project to the Ventral Nerve Cord.

Figure 4

(A) Amplitude of rest:activity rhythms in control flies and flies with hugin+ neurons silenced (hugin>Kir2.1) or ablated (hugin>reaper) under DD conditions.

(B) Amplitude of rest:activity rhythms in control flies and flies with RNAi-mediated knockdown of hugin in hugin+ neurons.

(C) hugin-GAL4 expressing postsynaptic Denmark (magenta) and presynaptic syt1-GFP (green) markers in the central brain and VNC. The VNC is formed of first (T1), second (T2), and third (T3) thoracic and abdominal ganglia (A).

(D) hugin-LexA expressing presynaptic Rab3-GFP (green) and vglut-GAL4 expressing Denmark (magenta) markers in the VNC. (E) GRASP signal in the VNC of flies expressing vglut-GAL4>UAS-CD4-spGFP1-10; hugin-LexA>LexAop-CD4-spGFP11.

In (A) and (B), data are shown as mean ± SD. ***p < 0.001 by Sidak’s test following one-way ANOVA. Scale bars, 50 μm (C–E). See also Figure S4 and Tables S1 and S2.