Table 4.
Adjusted means* of change from baseline and treatment comparisons of all variables (ITT Population).
| Variable | Visit | MMN/EBM-fortified (N = 146) | Control (N = 144) | Comparison: MMN/EBM-fortified vs. control beverage | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean (SE) | N | Mean (SE) | Difference | 95% CI | P value | ||
| SWM | Day 60 | 146 | −0.63 (0.55) | 144 | −0.65 (0.55) | 0.02 | (−1.51, 1.56) | 0.976 |
| “Between Error” | Day 121 | 142 | −0.78 (0.60) | 141 | −0.87 (0.60) | 0.1 | (−1.57, 1.77) | 0.907 |
| SWM | Day 60 | 146 | −0.26 (0.18) | 144 | 0.29 (0.18) | −0.55 | (−1.04, −0.06) | 0.029 |
| “Strategy” | Day 121 | 142 | −0.26 (0.19) | 141 | 0.04 (0.19) | −0.30 | (−0.82, 0.22) | 0.250 |
| RVIP | Day 60 | 145 | −0.00 (0.00) | 144 | −0.00 (0.00) | −0.00 | (−0.01, 0.01) | 0.887 |
| “Prime” | Day 121 | 141 | −0.01 (0.00) | 141 | 0.00 (0.00) | −0.01 | (−0.02, 0.00) | 0.141 |
| RVIP | Day 60 | 145 | −14.71 (7.14) | 144 | −26.09 (7.14) | 11.38 | (−8.49, 31.25) | 0.261 |
| “Median latency” | Day 121 | 141 | −21.79 (8.02) | 141 | −35.35 (8.00) | 13.57 | (−8.72, 35.86) | 0.232 |
| RVIP | Day 60 | 145 | 1.43 (1.05) | 144 | 1.91 (1.05) | −0.48 | (−3.41, 2.45) | 0.748 |
| “False alarm” | Day 121 | 141 | 2.28 (1.37) | 141 | 2.74 (1.36) | −0.45 | (−4.25, 3.34) | 0.814 |
| Paired Associates Learning | Day 60 | 146 | 0.59 (0.86) | 144 | 1.38 (0.87) | −0.79 | (−3.19, 1.61) | 0.516 |
| Day 121 | 142 | 0.62 (0.78) | 141 | 0.93 (0.78) | −0.32 | (−2.49, 1.86) | 0.773 | |
| Stockings of Cambridge | Day 60 | 145 | 0.33 (0.15) | 140 | 0.35 (0.15) | −0.02 | (−0.43, 0.39) | 0.908 |
| Day 121 | 141 | 0.23 (0.15) | 136 | 0.34 (0.15) | −0.11 | (0.52, 0.31) | 0.613 | |
| RCPM | Day 60 | 146 | 1.29 (0.39) | 144 | 1.41 (0.39) | −0.13 | (−1.21, 0.96) | 0.819 |
| Day 121 | 142 | 1.60 (0.43) | 141 | 1.84 (0.43) | −0.24 | (−1.45, 0.97) | 0.700 | |
*
From ANCOVA model with treatment, age strata, and treatment age interaction as factors and baseline as covariate.
ANCOVA, Analysis of Covariance; CI, confidence interval; EBM, Bacopa monnieri extract; ITT, intent-to-treat; MMN, multiple micronutrients; RCPM, Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices; RVIP, Rapid Visual Information Processing; SE, standard error; SWM, Spatial Working Memory.