Table 3.
Multiple Regression Results.
| Categorical outcome variables |
Continuous outcome variable |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
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| Criminal justice involvement |
Attitudes toward violence |
Substance use |
Constructive outcomes |
Attitudes toward violence |
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|
|
|
|
|
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| Reincarceration OR (95% CI) |
Engaged in illegal activities (very often) OR (95% CI) |
Feeling safe in a gang OR (95% CI) |
Substance dependence OR (95% CI) |
Daily marijuana use OR (95% CI) |
Enrolled in educational programs OR (95% CI) |
Engaged in community- based organizations OR (95% CI) |
Avoiding violence Coefficient (95% CI) |
|
| Primary predictor | ||||||||
| Ethnic pride | 0.45** [0.24, 0.85] | 0.35* [0.15, 0.83] | 2.12* [1.15,4.01] | 0.69 [0.30, 1.55] | 0.56 [0.28, 1.09] | 1.31 [0.71, 2.47] | 1.02 [0.51, 1.98] | 0.04* [0, 0.07] |
| Mediating variables | ||||||||
| Age | ||||||||
| 17 | 1.50 [0.73, 3.11] | 1.57 [0.54, 4.55] | 1.25 [0.61, 2.57] | 1.68 [0.58, 6.14] | 2.44 [0.99, 6.92] | 0.48 [0.20, 1.06] | 1.26 [0.58, 2.79] | 0.03 [−0.01, 0.07] |
| 18 | 1.12 [0.55, 2.30] | 2.44 [0.86, 6.93] | 1.35 [0.66, 2.74] | 2.67 [0.97, 9.52] | 3.41** [1.43, 9.54] | 0.26** [0.11, 0.56] | 0.89 [0.42, 1.96] | 0.05* [0.01, 0.08] |
| Race | ||||||||
| Black | 0.53 [0.21, 1.30] | 0.27* [0.08, 0.92] | 1.06 [0.43, 2.57] | 1.59 [0.50, 7.13] | 1.28 [0.49, 3.81] | 0.50 [0.17, 1.31] | 1.90 [0.68, 6.25] | 0.04 [−0.002, 0.09] |
| Hispanic | 0.72 [0.28, 1.81] | 0.42 [0.12, 1.46] | 0.66 [0.26, 1.62] | 1.30 [0.39, 5.91] | 1.39 [0.52, 4.18] | 0.31* [0.11,0.82] | 1.90 [0.66, 6.32] | 0.02 [−0.02, 0.07] |
| High school diploma | 0.32* [0.1 1,0.81] | 0.55 [0.17, 1.78] | 1.07 [0.46, 2.61] | 0.70 [0.16, 2.21] | 0.38 [0.11, 1.05] | 1.09 [0.45, 2.72] | 0.24* [0.07, 0.68] | −0.01 [−0.06,0.03] |
| Employment | 0.92 [0.55, 1.52] | 0.70 [0.35, 1.42] | 0.81 [0.49, 1.34] | 0.95 [0.48, 1.80] | 1.05 [0.61, 1.78] | 1.20 [0.72, 2.02] | 1.03 [0.58, 1.79] | −0.01 [−0.04, 0.02] |
| Living with family | 0.71 [0.42, 1.20] | 0.57 [0.28, 1.18] | 0.96 [0.57, 1.61] | 0.71 [0.37, 1.39] | 0.80 [0.47, 1.40] | 1.88* [1.12, 3.20] | 1.27 [0.72, 2.28] | −0.02 [−0.04, 0.01] |
| Homelessness | 1.17 [0.53, 2.57] | 0.38 [0.10, 1.41] | 1.25 [0.58, 2.79] | 0.55 [0.15, 1.52] | 1.14 [0.50, 2.50] | 1.78 [0.81, 4.09] | 1.11 [0.46, 2.53] | 0.001 [−0.04, 0.04] |
Note. For attitudes toward violence, we fitted linear regression models and presented the coefficients. For all the other variables, we ran logistic regression models and presented ORs. For the engagement in illegal activity outcome, we only presented analysis for the “very often (>50 times)” category because only this category showed statistically significant outcomes. Boldfaced odds ratios indicate statistically significant associations. OR = odds ratio.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.