Table 1.

Prevalence of past-year prescription opioid misuse among those 11 – 30 years of age in the United States

Report	Year of data collection	Sampling method	Survey name (if applicable)	Recruitment location	Definition of prescription opioid “misuse”	Age category	Sample size	Prevalence N, %	95% Cis
Becker, 2008	2002 – 2004	Probability	NSDUH*	Households	NSDUH definition^	21 – 25 year olds	21826	2186 (10.0%)	9.6 – 10.4%
Berenson, 2011	2008 – 2010	Convenience	..	Health clinic	“Have you ever, even once, used a prescription pain reliver that was not prescribed for you or that you took only for the experience or feeling it caused?” [NSDUH informed question]	16 – 24 year olds	2976	20 (0.7%)	0.4 – 1.0%
Boyd, 2009	2007	Convenience	…	Educational setting	Nonmedical use was measured with the question: “On how many occassions in the past 12 months have you used the following types of drugs not prescribed to you?”	13 – 15 year olds	912	91 (10.0%)	8.1 – 12.1 %
Boyd, 2007	2005	Convenience	..	Educational setting	Use of prescription medication to “get high”, to create an altered states, or for reasons (or by routes) other than what the prescribing clinican intended.	11 – 13 year olds	290	20 (6.9%)	4.3 – 10.5 %
						14 – 16 year olds	580	74 (12.8%)	10.2 – 15.8 %
						17 – 19 year olds	214	32 (15.0%)	10.5 – 20.4 %
Cerda, 2014	2010	Convenience	GUTS**	Multi-site	“Have you ever used pain killers (e.g., Percocet, Percodan, Oxycontin, Oxycodone, codeine, morphine) without a doctor’s prescription?	23 – 30 year olds	7646	543 (7.1%)	6.5 – 7.7%
Fiellin, 2013	2006 – 2008	Probability	NSDUH*	Households	NSDUH definition	18 – 19 year olds	15079	1,916 (12.7%)	12.2 – 13.2 %
						20 – 21 year olds	13602	1696 (12.5%)	11.9 – 13.0 %
						22 – 23 year olds	13363	1534 11.5%)	10.9 – 12.0 %
						24 – 25 year olds	13171	1350 (10.3%)	9.7 – 10.8 %
Jones, 2013	2002 – 2004	Probability	NSDUH*	Households	NSDUH definition	12 – 17 year olds	24987	1860 (7.4%)	7.1 – 7.8%
						18 – 25 year olds	31648	3679 (11.6%)	11.3 – 12.0%
	2008 – 2010	Probability	NSDUH*	Households	NSDUH definition	12 – 17 year olds	24617	1553 (6.3%)	6.0 – 6.6%
						18 – 25 year olds	33531	3758 (11.2%)	10.1 – 11.6 %
Lord, 2011	2005	Convenience	..	Social network website	“Which of the following prescription pain medications have you ever used for nonmedical reasons? Nonmedical means use of a prescription drug without a prescription or for reasons other than those indicated by a prescription”	18 – 25 year olds	527	86 (16.3%)	13.3 – 19.8%
Martins, 2012	2004 – 2005	Probability	NESARC****	Households	NESARC definition^^	18 – 29 year olds	6719	261 (3.9%)	3.4 – 4.4%
McCabe, 2005a	2001	Systematic	CAS***	Educational setting	“How often, if ever, have you used any of the drugs listed below? Do now include anything you used under a doctor’s orders.” [list of pain killers]	< 21 years olds	5444	387 (7.1%)	6.4 – 7.8%
						21 – 23 years old	3959	281 (7.1%)	6.3 – 7.9%
McCabe, 2005b	2000 – 2002	Probability	NESARC****	Households	NESARC definition	17 – 24 year olds	5198	236 (4.5%)	4.0 – 5.1%
McCabe, 2007	1993	Systematic	CAS***	Educational setting	“How often, if ever, have you used any of the drugs listed below? Do now include anything you used under a doctor’s orders.” [list of pain killers]	18 – 24 year olds	15282	474 (3.1%)	2.8 – 3.4%
	1997	Systematic	CAS***	Educational setting		18 – 24 year olds	14428	544 (3.8%)	3.5 – 4.1%
	1999	Systematic	CAS***	Educational setting		18 – 24 year olds	13953	629 (4.5%)	4.2 – 4.9%
	2001	Systematic	CAS***	Educational setting		18 – 24 year olds	10904	800 (7.3%)	6.9 – 7.8%
McCabe, 2012	2002 – 2006	Probability	MTF*****	Educational setting	“Used prescription opioids on their own-that is, without a doctor telling them to take the medicine (e.g., Vicodin, Percodan)”	17 – 18 year olds	11274	843 (7.5%)	7.0 – 8.0%
McCabe, 2013	2007 – 2010	Probability	MTF*****	Educational setting	“Used prescription opioids on their own-that is, without a doctor telling them to take the medicine (e.g., Vicodin, Percodan)”	17 – 18 year olds	8888	647 (7.3%)	6.7 – 7.8%
Nakawai, 2012	2003 – 2009	Probability	NSDUH*	Households	NSDUH definition	12 – 17 year olds	126764	11,521 (12.0%)	11.8 – 12.2%
Sung, 2005	2005	Probability	NSDUH*	Households	NSDUH definition	14 – 15 year olds	6000	450 (7.5%)	6.8 – 8.2%
						16 – 17 year olds	5554	661 (11.9%)	11.1 – 12.7%
Tetrault, 2007	2003	Probability	NSDUH*	Households	NSDUH definition	19 – 23 year olds	11371	1341 (11.8%)	11.2 – 12.4%
						24 – 34 year olds	5228	749 (14.3%)	13.4 – 15.3%
Wu, 2008	2005 – 2008	Probability	NSDUH*	Households	NSDUH definition	14 – 15 year olds	12682	799 (6.3%)	5.9 – 6.7%
						16 – 17 year olds	12445	1394 (11.2%)	10.7 – 11.8 %
Zullig, 2012	2008	Probability	NCHA******	Educational setting	“Have you taken any of the following prescription drugs that were not prescribed to you?” [list of painkillers (e.g., OxyCotin, Vicodin)	<= 25 year olds	22783	1913 (8.4%)	8.0 – 8.9%

^*Nation al Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)

^**Growing Up Today Study (GUTS)

^***College Alcohol Survey (CAS)

^****National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC)

^*****Monito ring the Future (MTF)

^******National College Health Assessment (NCHA)

^{^}NSDUH definition: “Have you ever, even once, used a prescription pain reliver that was not prescribed for you or that you took only for the experience or feeling it caused?”

^{^^}NESARC definition: “Now I’d like to ask you about your experiences with medicines and other kinds of drugs that you may have used on your own-that is, either without a doctor’s prescription (pause); in greater amounts, more oftne, or longer than prescribed (pause); or for a reason other than a doctor said you should use them. People use these medicines and drugs on their own to feel more alert, to relax, or quiet their nerves, to feel better, to enjoy themselves, or to get high, or just to see how they would work.”