Table 2.

Effects of Alarmins on Tumor Immunity

Alarmin	Promotor of tumor immunity	Inhibitor of tumor immunity
HMGN1	Th1 immune response Tumor-specific CTLs Antitumor immune protection	HMGN1 knockout
HMGB1	Th1 immune response Tumor-specific CTLs TAA cross-presentation	Angiogenesis Interacting with TIM-3 Tumor relapse in Tlr4* patients
IL-1α	Anti-proliferative Th1 immune response Tumor-specific CTLs NK and CTL infiltration	Angiogenesis Tumor-associated inflammation Keratinocyte transformation
IL-33	Antitumor immune response NK and CTL infiltration	Th2 immune response ST2 knockout Tumor cell proliferation MDSC generation & recruitment
Defensins	Th1 immune response Tumor-specific CTLs NK and CTL infiltration	Tumor cell proliferation Tumor-associated inflammation
HSPs	Th1 immune response Tumor-specific CTLs TAA cross-presentation CTL-mediated killing
S100A8/A9	Tumor cell apoptosis	DC and Mϕ differentiation MDSC generation & recruitment Tumor metastasis S100A8 knockout
ATP	Antitumor immune response	Rapid conversion to adenosine P2X7 knockout

Abbreviation used in the table: CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte; TAA, tumor-associated antigen; Tlr4*, mutated Tlr4 gene; TIM-3, T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3; MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell; Mϕ, macrophage.