Table 2.
Clinical test performance in the former NFL players
| Measures | Mean (standard deviation) |
|---|---|
| Verbal episodic memory (T-scores) | |
| NAB List Learning Short Delay | 46.06 (12.75) |
| NAB List Learning Long Delay | 42.77 (13.94) |
| NAB Story Learning Immediate Recall | 39.73 (7.99) |
| NAB Story Learning Delayed Recall | 42.63 (7.53) |
| Visual episodic memory (T-scores) | |
| ROCFT Immediate Copy, Presence, and Accuracy | 48.96 (9.72) |
| ROCFT Delayed Presence and Accuracy | 49.57 (10.68) |
| Psychomotor speed and executive function (T-scores) | |
| Trail Making Test Part A | 49.69 (11.13) |
| Trail Making Test Part B | 44.89 (15.69) |
| WAIS-R Digit-Symbol Test (scaled score) | 10.25 (2.02) |
| DKEFS Color-Word Interference Test (scaled score) | 10.89 (2.81) |
| Controlled Oral Word Association Test | 49.93 (11.34) |
| Behavior and mood (raw scores) | |
| Beck Depression Inventory-II | 16.13 (11.44) |
| Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale | 22.14 (13.22) |
| Hamilton Depression Rating Scale | 9.54 (7.93) |
| Beck Hopelessness Scale | 4.75 (5.66) |
| Barratt Impulsivity Scale | 65.07 (14.77) |
| Apathy Evaluation Scale | 35.42 (9.70) |
| Brown-Goodwin Lifetime History of Aggression | 18.75 (5.05) |
| BRIEF-A Behavioral Regulation Index (T-score) | 63.04 (12.79) |
Abbreviations: BRIEF-A, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function–Adult (self-report form); DKEFS, Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System; NAB, Neuropsychological Assessment Battery; NFL, National Football League; ROCFT, Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test; SD, standard deviation; WAIS-R, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised.
NOTE. All cognitive test results are presented as demographically corrected T-scores (mean = 50, SD = 10) except where noted. The tests presented include those that make up that four PCA-generated factor composite scores examined in this study, i.e., behavior/mood, psychomotor speed and executive function, and verbal and visual episodic memory. Sample size varies (N = 81 to N = 84) across tests due to missing data and two individuals are excluded from clinical analyses due to objective test evidence of intentional symptom exaggeration.