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. 2017 Nov 22;7:16052. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-15904-6

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Determination of temperature through measurements of light momentum. (a) Top: Drag force measured on a 1.16-μm bead for 200 seconds. Each dot is the mean drag force obtained from the square force signal over one cycle, which is produced by the piezoelectric stage continuously applying a triangular oscillation. Power is switched from 20 mW to 200 mW at second 30 and back to 20 mW after 100 seconds. Bottom: Temperature obtained from the force measurement depicted in the top panel, through Eqs 1 and 2. (b) Both the heating rate, B, and room temperature, T _room, were determined from the linear fit to measurements of temperature at 10 different laser powers between 20 and 200 mW. (c) Temperature values obtained from all the experiments on 1.16-μm beads in water (red circles) compared with independent measurements with a precision thermometer (black dots). (d) The ratio T _room/T _ref showed a standard deviation similar to that expected from the ±2–3% of the diameter of the beads used.