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Mechanism of β-lactam antibiotics. (a) β-Lactam antibiotics irreversibly inhibit penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) by forming a covalent acyl adduct with the catalytic serine (Ser) residue. (b) Serine-based class A and C β-lactamases inactivate β-lactam antibiotics by hydrolyzing and “opening” the β-lactam ring in a two-step process.
