TABLE 4.

Univariate and multivariate analysis of risk factors for resistance to most common antibiotics used in UTIs^c

Risk factor	Amoxicillin-clavulanate			Cefuroxime			Cefotaxime			Ciprofloxacin
	R (%)	P value by univariate analysis	OR (95% CI) by multivariate analysis	R (%)	P value by univariate analysis	OR (95% CI) by multivariate analysis	R (%)	P value by univariate analysis	OR (95% CI) by multivariate analysis	R (%)	P value by univariate analysis	OR (95% CI) by multivariate analysis
Age (yr)
<65	24.3	0.220		11.1	0.035		6.1	0.14		22.6	<0.0001
≥65	29.8			18.7			10.6			38.9
Gender
Male	35.9	0.091		24.6	0.029		10.9	0.454		45.2	0.003
Female	25.2			12.9			7.7			26.9
Mode of APN acquisition
CA-APN	22.3	<0.0001	3.10 (1.74–5.54)	10	<0.0001	4.05 (2.02–8.13)	5.2	<0.0001	3.16 (1.34–7.44)	22	<0.0001	4.58 (2.62–8.03)
HCA-APN	47.9			36.1			22.2			61.4
Diabetes mellitus
No	28.0	0.312		13.9	0.361		7.6	0.349		28.5	<0.0135
Yes	21.9			18.1			11			37.2
Chronic renal disease
No	26.8	1		14	0.408		7.8	0.423		29.1	0.359
Yes	27.3			18.5			11.1			35.6
Urinary incontinence
No	24.5	0.013		13.5	0.117		7.1	0.071		27.4	0.008
Yes	40.3			21.3			14.8			44.6
Renal lithiasis
No	26.2	0.346		14.5	0.81		8	0.547		29.6	0.592
Yes	33.3			15.8			10.3			34.1
Recurrent UTIa
No	24.9	0.256		9.8	<0.0001	2.74 (1.41–5.31)	5.7	0.007		23.8	<0.0001
Yes	30.7			26.5			14.5			43.2
Previous antibiotic useb
No	21.9	0.068		9.4	0.001		4.3	0.001	2.94 (1.27–6.80)	23.3	<0.0001	1.99 (1.22–3.27)
Yes	31			23			15.2			44.4

^aTreated at least three times for cystitis or acute pyelonephritis during the previous 12 months.

^bUse of antibiotics during the previous 3 months for any reason.

^cAbbreviations: APN, acute pyelonephritis; CA, community acquired; HCA, health care associated; R, resistance rate; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; UTI, urinary tract infection.