Inhibition of growth curves at various concentrations of cefepime (a), doxycycline (b), and ciprofloxacin (c). The concentration of antibiotic with minimal bacterial inhibition was 0.25 mg/liter for cefepime, 0.13 mg/liter for doxycycline, and 0.02 mg/liter for ciprofloxacin. Bacterial growth is represented as means ± standard deviations. The antibiotic concentration with minimal growth inhibition had a level of bacterial growth significantly higher, by ≥2 log10 units, than the detection limit (****, P < 0.0001).