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Mechanisms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance to β-lactam antibiotics
| Mechanism of resistance | Example(s) |
|---|---|
| Enzymatic inactivation via β-lactamase production | Expanded-spectrum β-lactamases (TEM, SHV, CTX-M, PER, VEB, GES, IBC, AmpC) and carbapenemases (KPC, IMP, VIM, SPM, GIM, OXA-40) |
| Alterations in outer membrane permeability via porin alteration | Decreased production or loss of functional OprD |
| Active efflux via overproduction of efflux pumps | mexAB-OprM, mexCD-OprJ, mexXY-OprM |
