Table 1.
Participant characteristics
| Participant No. | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | B8 | B9 | B10 | Sighted |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 26 | 49 | 39 | 35 | 46 | 32 | 25 | 22 | 70 | 67 | M = 23, SD = 6 |
| Gender | F | F | F | F | F | F | F | M | F | F | 9 F/6 M |
| Handedness (Edinburgh) | R | Am | R | R | R | R | Am | R | R | Am | 14 R/1 L |
| Level of education | MA | MA | PhD | MA | BA | BA | MA | BA | HS | MA | 1 PhD/14 BA |
| Cause of blindness | ROP | LCA | ROP | LCA | ROP | ROP | LCA | LCA | ROP | ROP | |
| Age started reading Braille, y | 4 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 5 | |
| Self-reported Braille ability (1–5) | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | |
| Hours of reading Braille per day | 8 | 1–2 | 2 | 2 | N/A | 2 | 6–8 | 2–4 | 1 | 1 |
Handedness: left (L), ambidextrous (Am), or right (R), based on Edinburgh Handedness Inventory. ROP, Retinopathy of prematurity; LCA, Leber's congenital amaurosis. For Braille ability, participants were asked: “On a scale of 1 to 5, how well are you able to read Braille, where 1 is ‘not at all’, 2 is ‘very little’, 3 is ‘reasonably well’, 4 is ‘proficiently’, and 5 is ‘expert’?” This information was not available for participant B5 (marked N/A).