Fig. 1.

Cellular circuitry of liver regeneration. A complex crosstalk between various cellular components of liver cells and innate immune cells has been identified during the liver regeneration process. Similarly, evidence of cellular and tissue processes including altered metabolism, hypoxia, gut microbial products, bile acids, and hypoxia have been shown to be major determinants of regenerative response through effect on either hepatocyte directly or through nonparenchymal cells within the liver or cells recruited from the bone marrow. Solid lines represent previously published studies demonstrating a signaling relationship, dotted lines indicate the existence of preliminary evidence. Arrowheads indicate the directionality of cellular signaling and interactions.