Table 1.
Strategy | Target | Design | Biological product | Category | Administration | Models | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Counteracting the ineffective IFN-I secretion | IFN-I-producing cells | Activation & recruitment | IFN-I and Flt3-L | rIFN-α and growth factor | Inhalation & injection | Mouse (N) | [86, 87] |
IFN-I signalling | Activation | CpG and SB 9200 | TLR or RLR agonist | Oral | Mouse (A & N) | [100, 102] | |
| |||||||
Modulating the pulmonary TH2 bias | Th2-polarizing cytokines | Blocking | Anti-IL-13, anti-TSLP, anti-IL-33 | Antibodies | Injection | Human (A) & mouse (A & N) | [39, 96, 98, 103–105] |
Signalling pathways | Blocking | Anti-IL-4Rα and anti-STAT6 | Antisense oligonucleotide and inhibitory peptide | Inhalation | Mouse (N) | [107, 108] | |
Alveolar macrophages | Activation | IFNγ | rIFNγ | Inhalation | Mouse (N) | [90, 95, 110] | |
| |||||||
Modulating the mucosal microbiota | Respiratory & intestinal mucosa | Maturation | Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 | Live or heat-killed bacteria | Oral or inhalation | Human (C) & mouse (N) | [112–115] |
Respiratory mucosa | Maturation | Primocolonizing lung bacteria strains | Live bacteria | Inhalation | Mouse (N) | [43] |
A: adult; C: children; N: neonate.