Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies (n = 14)

Reference in chronological order	General characteristics						Targeted units	Component of scaling-up strategya					Outcomes	Outcomes
	Country economic status	Funding source	Clinical area	Study design	Setting	Evidence-based practice		C1	C2	C3	C4	C5	Scaling-up processb	Health system	Provider	Patient
Frieden et al. [51]	MIC	Governmental organization	Tuberculosis	Non-RCT	State and district health tuberculosis units	Treatment, short-course (DOTS) strategy for tuberculosis control	Region, patient				⊠		Coverage			Sputum smear conversion, cure rate; treatment success
Price et al. [52]	LIC	Governmental organization	HIV	Before-after	Primary health centers	Basic HIV care	Site		⊠							Reproductive health, services for children, curative services
Mutevedzi et al. [53]	MIC	Governmental organization	HIV	Before-after	Primary health care clinics	HIV treatment and care program	Site, patient				⊠					Retention in care, mortality, loss to follow-up and virological outcomes
Renju et al. [54]	LIC	Governmental organization	Sexually transmitted infection and reproductive health	Before-after	Health units (hospitals, health centers and dispensaries)	Youth-friendly services (YES) intervention	Site, provider				⊠				Knowledge and attitudes of health workers
Curry et al. [55]	LIC	Voluntary/charitable body	Child care	Before-after	Primary health care units	Some items of Millennium Rural Initiative (EMRI)	Site	⊠			⊠		Cost-benefit ratio of the EMRI program	Health centre infrastructure and performance		Maternal and child survival
Goetz et al. [56]	HIC	Research funding body	HIV	Non-RCT	Veterans' healthcare administration facilities	A multimodal program to promote HIV testing	Site		⊠		⊠			Semi-annual patient load per facility, number of patient visits per year, prevalence of HIV, complexity level	Number of providers seeing the patients during the 6 months of routine testing	HIV testing
Li et al. [57]	HIC	Governmental organization	Preventing seniors' falls	Before-after	Local senior and community centers	Tai Ji Quan: Moving for Better Balance	Provider				⊠		Coverage; measures of program implementation, maintenance and effectiveness			Body mass index, incidence of falls, fear of falling, health status, number of chronic medical conditions
Miyano et al. [58]	MIC	Not found	Tuberculosis	CBA	Hospitals and rural health centers	Antiretroviral therapy (ART) services program	Site	⊠			⊠					HIV testing, tuberculosis treatment outcomes (success, died/failed)
Comfort et al. [59]	MIC	Governmental organization	Malaria	Before-after	Hospitals: rural health centers and primary health centers	Malaria control interventions	Site, patient		⊠		⊠			Costs incurred for malaria admissions		Hospital admissions, outpatient visits for malaria
Legesse et al. [60]	LIC	Governmental organization	Child care	Non-RCT	Primary health care units	Integrated community case management (iCCM) program	Region, site, patient	⊠	⊠		⊠		Key indicators of iCCM implementation strength, quality of care, utilization of iCCM services, service			Syndromes treated (malaria, suspected pneumonia, diarrhea, severe acute malnutrition)
Solberg et al. [61]	HIC	Not found	Depression	RCT	Primary care clinics	The IMPACT (Improving Mood: Promoting Access to Collaborative Treatment) model	Site, patient	⊠		⊠	⊠					Depression remission rates, satisfaction with care, work productivity, health status
Sim et al. [62]	MIC	Voluntary/charitable body	HIV	Before-after	Public health facilities	Linked Response (LR) model	Region, site						Coverage			Pregnant women's access to HIV testing and treatment
Munos et al. [63]	LIC	Governmental organization	Child care	Non-RCT	Health districts	iCCM for diarrhea, malaria and pneumonia	Region	⊠	⊠	⊠	⊠					Program targets of mortality and coverage, intensity and quality of program implementation, careseeking.
Singh et al. [64]	MIC	Voluntary/charitable body	Child care	Before-after	Health facilities (health posts, health centers, and hospitals)	Project Fives Alive!	Site	⊠			⊠					Early antenatal care, skilled delivery coverage, underweight infants at child welfare clinics, under-fives

MIC middle-income country, LIC low-income country, HIC high-income country, RCT randomized controlled trial, CBA controlled before-and-after, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, DOTS directly observed treatment, short-course, YES youth friendly services, EMRI Ethiopian Millennium Rural Initiative, ART antiretroviral therapy, iCCM integrated community case management, IMPACT Improving Mood: Promoting Access to Collaborative Treatment, LR linked response

^aComponents of scaling-up strategy: (C₁) healthcare infrastructure, (C₂) policy/regulation, (C₃) financing, (C₄) human resources, and (C₅) patient involvement

^bSee Table 2 for more details regarding scaling-up coverage of the targeted units

⊠ means that the scaling-up strategy component was used in the study