Table 2.

Parametric and non-parametric correlations between each independent variable and self-stigma (N = 177)

		Pearson’s correlations			Spearman’s correlations
Independent variable	Higher score indicates	r	CI LL	CI UL	ρ	CI LL	CI UL
Gender	Female	.31*	0.19	0.44	0.33*	0.20	0.46
Age	Older	.18*	0.05	0.31	0.20*	0.04	0.33
Main language	Not English	.01	−0.13	0.15	−0.01	−0.16	0.15
Education	Higher level of education	.02	−0.13	0.16	0.01	−0.14	0.16
Importance of religion/spirituality	More importance	.12	−0.02	0.28	0.15	−0.01	0.29
Income	Higher combined income	−.03	−0.21	0.15	0.00	−0.16	0.17
Kessler 6 score	Higher psychological distress	.44*	0.30	0.58	0.42*	0.28	0.55
Public self-consciousness	Higher public self-consciousness	.09	−0.08	0.25	0.09	−0.07	0.24
Social anxiety	Higher social anxiety	.08	−0.09	0.22	0.06	−0.10	0.20
Self-esteem	Higher levels of self-esteem	−.47*	−0.59	−0.32	−0.45*	−0.57	−0.31
PGSI score	Higher levels of problem gambling	.40*	0.25	0.53	0.40*	0.26	0.52
EGM versus other	Most problematic form is EGMs	.20*	0.07	0.34	0.22*	0.09	0.35
Race betting versus other	Most problematic form is race betting	−.21*	−0.36	−0.06	−0.21*	−0.36	−0.06
Sports versus other	Most problematic form is sports betting	−.13	−0.28	0.02	−0.12	−0.26	0.02
Secrecy	Stronger agreement using secrecy as a coping mechanism	.32*	0.19	0.45	0.33*	0.18	0.44
Withdrawal	Stronger agreement using withdrawal as a coping mechanism	.06	−0.10	0.21	0.03	−0.13	0.18
Education	Stronger agreement using education as a coping mechanism	.07	−0.10	0.24	0.09	−0.06	0.24
Challenging	Stronger agreement using challenging as a coping mechanism	.07	−0.11	0.23	0.06	−0.11	0.22
Distancing	Stronger agreement using distancing as a coping mechanism	−.06	−0.23	0.11	−0.07	−0.22	0.11

Note. Bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals (lower limit and upper limit: CI LL and CI UL) using 1,000 draws. PGSI: Problem Gambling Severity Index; EGM: electronic gaming machine.

^*p < .05. (also indicated with bold text).