Table 6.

The total, direct, and indirect effects on YouTube addiction

Effects on YouTube addiction	Exogenous variables
	Content gratification	Social gratification	Process gratification	Technology gratification	YouTube content creation	YouTube content viewing
Effect a	0.222**	0.163**	−0.121**	0.121**
SE	0.080	0.081	0.049	0.049
LB	0.064	0.005	−0.217	0.025
UB	0.376	0.319	−0.026	0.216
Effect b	−0.413***	−0.068ns	−0.487***	0.096**	0.936***	0.528***
SE	0.066	0.063	0.046	0.036	0.039	0.044
LB	−0.549	−0.188	−0.575	0.022	0.860	0.438
UB	−0.289	0.059	−0.394	0.163	1.014	0.612
Effect c	0.636***	0.231***	0.366***	0.025ns
SE	0.066	0.057	0.043	0.033
LB	0.507	0.121	0.284	−0.041
UB	0.769	0.345	0.451	0.090

Note. All the effects are standardized. These are calculated through factor scores imputed from the measurement models. Effects a, b, and c denote total, direct, and indirect effects. n = 410; bootstrap iterations = 2,000; bias-corrected percentile bootstrap method. SE: standard error; LB: lower bound effect; UB: upper bound effect; ns: not significant.

**p < .05. ***p < .001.