Table 2.

β coefficients and SEs linking traumatic exposures and PTSD with overall cognitive functioning

Characteristics	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4
	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE
Chronic exposure (>5 weeks)	−0.150	0.056∗∗	−0.130	0.055∗	−0.138	0.055∗	−0.141	0.055∗
PTSD symptom severity			−0.498	0.088∗∗∗	−0.424	0.091∗∗∗	−0.416	0.091∗∗∗
Age	−0.027	0.004∗∗∗	−0.027	0.004∗∗∗	−0.026	0.004∗∗∗	−0.017	0.007
Female	−0.200	0.102∗	−0.157	0.102	−0.132	0.103	−0.141	0.104
Law enforcement	−0.159	0.074∗	−0.075	0.071	−0.064	0.071	−0.062	0.072
Some college	0.166	0.071∗	0.163	0.069∗	0.166	0.069∗	0.173	0.070∗
University degree	0.395	0.082∗∗∗	0.360	0.081∗∗∗	0.364	0.081∗∗∗	0.366	0.081∗∗∗
Graduate degree	0.319	0.127∗	0.304	0.124∗	0.297	0.124∗	0.297	0.125∗
Depression diagnosis					−0.248	0.111∗	−0.244	0.111∗
Gastroesophageal reflux disease					0.066	0.061	0.066	0.061
Obstructive airway disease					−0.113	0.066	−0.110	0.066
Cancer					−0.051	0.085	−0.050	0.085
Heart disease							−0.036	0.108
Hypertension							−0.062	0.067
Diabetes							−0.089	0.101
Constant	1.388	0.231	1.558	0.225	1.529	0.226	1.440	0.233
R2	0.098	∗∗∗	0.132	∗∗∗	0.139	∗∗∗	0.141	∗∗∗
ΔR2			0.033	∗∗∗	0.007		0.002

Abbreviations: B, standardized β coefficient; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; SE, standard error.

NOTE. Chronic exposure indicates individuals who worked the equivalent of more than 5 working weeks on-site. Model 1 examines associations between WTC exposures and adjusts for sociodemographics. Model 2 additionally incorporates PTSD symptom severity. Model 3 incorporates WTC-related diseases. Model 4 includes self-reported diagnoses. All models additionally adjust for age, sex, and year of responder's enrollment. ^∗P < .05, ^∗∗P < .001, ^∗∗∗P < .001.